中國(guó)銀行的作用
中國(guó)銀行的作用
銀行是以存款、貸款、電匯、儲(chǔ)蓄等業(yè)務(wù)，承擔(dān)信用中介的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。接下來(lái)小編為大家整理了中國(guó)銀行的作用，希望對(duì)你有幫助哦!
I.The Role of the Banking Sector in China
1.Although banks share many common features with other profit-seeking businesses, they play a unique role in the economy through mobilizing savings, allocating capital funds to finance productive investment, transmitting monetary policy, providing a payment system and transforming risks.
盡管銀行與其他以盈利為目的的企業(yè)具有許多共同的特征，但它在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中還發(fā)揮著特殊的作用。銀行可以動(dòng)員儲(chǔ)蓄，為生產(chǎn)性企業(yè)投資調(diào)配資金，傳遞貨幣政策，提供支付系統(tǒng)，轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
(1)整個(gè)第一段是由"連詞although……"引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)，意為"雖然;縱使;盡管……但……"。
through介詞，后面跟了幾個(gè)并列的"動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)"，有mobilizing…,allocating…,transmitting…,providing…,transforming…。
(2)the banking industry in China
banking：銀行業(yè)
例：the banking industry in China：中國(guó)銀行業(yè)
the banking sector：銀行業(yè)
a banking crisis：銀行業(yè)危機(jī)
banking hours：銀行營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間
industry：①產(chǎn)業(yè)
例：primary industry第一產(chǎn)業(yè);初級(jí)產(chǎn)業(yè)(從事初級(jí)原材料，如煤炭、木材、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品等生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)業(yè))
secondary industry第二產(chǎn)業(yè);次級(jí)產(chǎn)業(yè)(從事利用初級(jí)原材料生產(chǎn)加工制成品的產(chǎn)業(yè))
tertiary(service) industry第三產(chǎn)業(yè);服務(wù)行業(yè)(不生產(chǎn)原材料，也不生產(chǎn)加工制成品，而僅提供服務(wù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)，例如銀行業(yè)、零售業(yè)、會(huì)計(jì)工作等)
?、谛袠I(yè)
例：advertising industry：廣告業(yè)
the insurance industry：保險(xiǎn)業(yè)
③sector：部門;部分
例：All sectors of the economy suffered from the rise in the exchange rate.
所有經(jīng)濟(jì)部門都受到匯率上升的影響。
public sector：政府部門;公營(yíng)部門
private sector：私營(yíng)部門
(股票市場(chǎng)的)行業(yè);按行業(yè)(如銀行業(yè))分類上市股票
(3)share common features：具有共同特征
share: have a share:(share in sth)：共有;分享;分擔(dān)
例：to share losses(expenses)：分擔(dān)損失(費(fèi)用)
to share the blame(responsibility)：分擔(dān)過(guò)失(責(zé)任)
to share in profits：分享利益
(4)profit-seeking business：以盈利為目的的企業(yè)
business: shop; commercial enterprise,etc：商店;工商企業(yè)等
(5)economy: ①(instance of) avoidance of waste of money,strength or anything else of value：節(jié)約;節(jié)儉
例：to introduce economies(economy measures) into the system：實(shí)行節(jié)約措施
economies of scale：規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)(通過(guò)增加產(chǎn)量來(lái)降低成本，提高利潤(rùn))
?、趕ystem for the management and use of resources：經(jīng)濟(jì)(制度)，一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況(一個(gè)國(guó)家的財(cái)政金融狀況，一個(gè)國(guó)家賺錢、用錢的方式)
例：controlled economy：受政府控制的經(jīng)濟(jì)
free market economy：自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)(政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)不進(jìn)行任何形式的干預(yù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度)
global economy：全球經(jīng)濟(jì)
mixed economy：混合經(jīng)濟(jì)(既有國(guó)有工業(yè)也有私人企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度)
planned economy：計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)(政府對(duì)所有經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行計(jì)劃的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度)
(6)to mobilize savings：動(dòng)員儲(chǔ)蓄
mobilize: v.collect together for service or use：動(dòng)員(尤指戰(zhàn)勝敵人的動(dòng)員)
例：to mobilize capital
慕集資金以支持某事
to mobilize resources to defend a takeover bid
求得股東等的支持以阻止公司被收購(gòu)
(7)allocate capital funds to finance productive investment為生產(chǎn)性企業(yè)投資調(diào)配資金
allocate (to/for):give,put on one side, as a share or for a purpose：按計(jì)劃分配;配給
例：to allocate shares：分配股份(將可供股票數(shù)目在大批申請(qǐng)購(gòu)股人之間進(jìn)行分配)
to allocate capital funds：分配資金;調(diào)配資金
We allocate 10% of yearly revenue to advertisement.我們把10%的年收入用于廣告。
(8)finance: vt.provide money for (a scheme,etc)：v.提供資金
例：to finance an operation：為一項(xiàng)目提供資金
(9)capital funds：資本金;資金
例：capital assets：資本資產(chǎn)(公司擁有并使用的房地產(chǎn)或機(jī)器等)
capital goods：資本品，生產(chǎn)資料(用于制造其他產(chǎn)品的商品，如機(jī)器設(shè)備等)
capital profit：資本盈余，資本利潤(rùn)(資產(chǎn)變賣所得利潤(rùn))
(10)monetary policy：貨幣政策
monetary: a.of money or a currency：貨幣的;通貨的
例：monetary control：貨幣控制(控制貨幣供應(yīng)量)
the government‘s monetary policy政府的貨幣政策(與金融有關(guān)的政府政策，如貨幣供應(yīng)量、銀行利率、政府支出與借款)
monetary standard：貨幣本位(為貨幣固定比價(jià)，如把貨幣的價(jià)值同一定量黃金掛鉤、稱金本位制)
manetary targets：貨幣目標(biāo)(政府在制定第二年預(yù)算時(shí)所確定的一些數(shù)字，如貨幣供應(yīng)量、公共部門借款需求等)
monetary unit：貨幣單位(一國(guó)的或國(guó)家集團(tuán)內(nèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貨幣，如人民幣的元、英鎊、美元、法郎、非洲金融共同體法郎、歐共體貨幣單位等)
the international monetary system：國(guó)際貨幣體系(國(guó)與國(guó)之間控制貨幣和兌換貨幣的方式)
the International Monetary Fund(IMF)：國(guó)際貨幣基金組織
(11)to transform risks轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn);轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
risk: n.(instance of) possibility or chance of meeting danger,suffering loss,injury,etc：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(可能的損害或危害);危險(xiǎn)
例：to run a risk：冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(很可能遭受損害)
to take a risk：承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(做可能使自己損失錢財(cái)或遭受傷害的事)
1.First, banks serve as a principal repository of liquid funds for the public.
第一，銀行是社會(huì)流動(dòng)資金的集散地。
(1)serve: v.be satisfactory for a need or purpose：利于，合適;可作……用(與as或for連用)
例：A worm will serve as bait.蛹可作餌用。
This room will serve for the office.這個(gè)房間可作辦公室用。
(2)the public:members of the community in general：公眾;民眾(此處引伸為"整個(gè)社會(huì)")
(3)principal repository：主要集散地;樞紐
principal: a.highest in order of importance：最重要的
repository:place where things are or may be stored：n.倉(cāng)庫(kù)，儲(chǔ)藏所(此處引伸為"集散地，集散中心")
(4)liquid funds：流動(dòng)資金
liquid: a.easily sold or changed into cash：易變現(xiàn)的，含有大量現(xiàn)金的，流動(dòng)的
例：liquid assets：流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)(指現(xiàn)金或易變現(xiàn)票據(jù))
to go liquid：將(盡可能多的)資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)金
liquid market：流動(dòng)市場(chǎng)，交易旺盛的市場(chǎng)(某種證券的市場(chǎng)，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)有足夠的股票可供出售而不扭曲價(jià)格。其反義詞是thin market：交易清淡的市場(chǎng))
2.The safety and availability of such funds for transactions and other purposes are essential to the stability and efficiency of the financial system.
銀行吸納的資金可用于儲(chǔ)戶的日常交易或其他目的，這種資金的安全性和可獲得性，對(duì)保證金融體系的穩(wěn)定和效率至關(guān)重要。
(1)be essential to：對(duì)……至關(guān)重要
essential: a.necessary;indispensable;most important
(2)stability: n.quality of being stable:穩(wěn)定性;安定
(3)efficiency: n.state or quality of being efficient:效力;效率
efficient: a.producing a desired or satisfactory result:有效力的;有效率的
(4)the financial system：金融體系
?、賔inancial: a.of finance：金融的;財(cái)務(wù)的
例：financial institutions：金融機(jī)構(gòu)(從事證券投資業(yè)務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu)，比如銀行同業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)、養(yǎng)老基金或保險(xiǎn)公司)
financial intermediary：金融中介(從事吸收存款、發(fā)放貸款業(yè)務(wù)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，包括銀行、租賃公司及各種類型的金融機(jī)構(gòu))
financial instrument：金融工具(在股票市場(chǎng)或其他金融市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行的任何形式的投資，如購(gòu)買股票、政府債券、大額存單、匯票等)
②system:group of things or parts working together in a regular relation：系統(tǒng)，體制;制度
例：a payment system：支付體系，支付系統(tǒng)
the whole financial system：整個(gè)金融系統(tǒng)
banking system：銀行體系
information system：信息系統(tǒng)
monetary(money) system：貨幣制度
Paragraph 3
3.Second, by channeling savings to productive investments, banks play a key role in facilitating efficient allocation of scarce financial resources.
第二，銀行通過(guò)將儲(chǔ)蓄引導(dǎo)到生產(chǎn)性投資領(lǐng)域，在有效配置有限的金融資源方面起著關(guān)鍵的作用。
(1)channel……(to): v.cause to go through a channel:使經(jīng)過(guò)某種路線前進(jìn);引導(dǎo)
channel: n.any way by which news,ideas,etc may travel:(消息，意見(jiàn)等傳播的)途徑;路線;方法
(2)savings: n.money saved up:(復(fù))儲(chǔ)金;儲(chǔ)蓄
例：keep one‘s savings in a bank:把儲(chǔ)蓄的錢存在銀行
savings account:儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶
(3)productive investments:生產(chǎn)性投資(領(lǐng)域)
(4)to play a unique role (in)：發(fā)揮著特殊作用
to play a key role (in)：起著關(guān)鍵作用
(5)to facilitate efficient allocation of：有效配置……
facilitate: vt.make easy;lessen the difficulty of：使容易;使便利
(6)scarce financial resources：有限的(稀缺的)金融資源
scarce: a.not available in sufficient quantity; not equal to the demand：缺乏的;稀罕的
Paragraph 4
4.Third, banks serve to transmit the impulses of monetary policy to the whole financial system and ultimately to the real economy.
第三，銀行將貨幣政策的變化趨勢(shì)傳導(dǎo)到整個(gè)金融系統(tǒng)并最終至實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)部門。
(1)transmit (to): v.pass or hand on;send on:傳送;傳遞
(2)the impulse of monetary policy：貨幣政策態(tài)勢(shì)(傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制，調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制)
impulse: n.tendency to act without reflection：不假思索而行事的頃向
sudden inclination to act without thought about the consequences：沖動(dòng)
(3)the real economy：實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)部門
real: a.existing in fact：真實(shí)的;
(價(jià)格等)實(shí)際的(按照通貨膨脹率重新調(diào)整過(guò)的)
例：real income(real wages)：實(shí)際收入(實(shí)際工資)(扣除所得稅并排除通貨膨脹因素后的可支配收入)
real interest rate：實(shí)際利率(考慮通貨膨脹后的利率)
real value：實(shí)際價(jià)值(通過(guò)指數(shù)化等方法保持不變的投資價(jià)值)
1.Fourth, the banking sector provides the indispensable national payments mechanism for the development of modern financial and business systems.
第四，銀行部門為現(xiàn)代財(cái)政和企業(yè)體制的發(fā)展提供必要的國(guó)家支付體系。
(1)the indispensable national payment mechanism：必要的國(guó)家支付體系
indispensable：a.不可缺少的;絕對(duì)必要的
mechanism: n.way in which sth works or is constructed：機(jī)制;結(jié)構(gòu)
例：competitive mechanism：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制
exchange rate mechanism：匯率機(jī)制
market mechanism：市場(chǎng)機(jī)制
price mechanism：價(jià)格機(jī)制
mechanism of exchange：交易機(jī)構(gòu)
mechanism of government：政府機(jī)構(gòu)
(2)modern financial and business systems：現(xiàn)代財(cái)務(wù)制度和工商企業(yè)體系
Paragragh 6
2.Fifth, the banking system as a whole reduces risks through aggregation and enables them to be carried by those more willing to bear them.
整個(gè)銀行體系采用集中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的手段來(lái)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，使那些更原意承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人去承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
(1)aggregation: n.聚集;匯集(風(fēng)險(xiǎn))
aggregate: v.bring or come together in a mass聚集;匯聚
them:此處指"風(fēng)險(xiǎn)"
carry them (risks):負(fù)擔(dān)(具有)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
carry: v. involve;entail:具有;使負(fù)擔(dān)
例：The loan carries 3.5% interest.該貸款負(fù)擔(dān)百分之三點(diǎn)五的利息。
(2)(those persons) (who are) more willing to bear them:更原意承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的(那些人)
由(who are) willing to bear them定語(yǔ)從句(簡(jiǎn)化為分詞短語(yǔ))修飾前面的those (persons)。
bear: v.endure承擔(dān);忍受
Paragragh 7
3.Following five decades of evolution, particularly more than two decades of reform and opening to the outside world, China‘s banking sector has entered a stage of vigorous development.
中國(guó)銀行業(yè)經(jīng)過(guò)50年的發(fā)展，特別是經(jīng)過(guò)20多年的改革開(kāi)放，已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)蓬勃發(fā)展的階段。
(1)decade: n.period of ten years:十年的期間
(2)evolution: n.process of opening out or developing:發(fā)育;發(fā)展
(3)reform and opening to the outside world:改革開(kāi)放
4、 The past few years have seen marked acceleration of China‘s banking reform, particularly significant strengthening of the central bank’s capacity for supervision and microeconomic management.
在過(guò)去的幾年中，中國(guó)銀行業(yè)的改革速度顯著加快，特別是強(qiáng)化了中央銀行的監(jiān)管職能和對(duì)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理職能。
(1)strenghen: v.make or become strong(er)加強(qiáng);強(qiáng)化
(2)capacity: n.ability能力;職能
(3)supervision: n.監(jiān)督;管理
supervise: v.watch and direct監(jiān)督;管理;指導(dǎo)
(4)microeconomic management:宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)管理
(5)openness: n.open ness
Paragragh 8
5. The evolution of the Chinese banking system can be broadly divided into three phases.
現(xiàn)代中國(guó)銀行業(yè)體制的發(fā)展演變大體上分為三個(gè)階段。
(1)phase: n.stage of development:階段;時(shí)期
6.The establishment of the People‘s Bank of China (PBC) in December 1984 marked the beginning of the first phase, which was characterized by a mono-bank engaged in both policy and commercial banking operations.
這個(gè)階段以中國(guó)人民銀行由既從事政策性銀行業(yè)務(wù)，又從事商業(yè)性銀行業(yè)務(wù)的單一銀行(制度)為特征。
本句為由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)主句作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
(1)be characterized by …:以……為特征
(2)mono-bank (system):單一銀行(制度)
mono-:(字首)表示"單一"之意。
(3)由engaged in …過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾前面的a mono-bank (system)。
6.It is dictated by highly centralized planned economic system.
這種體制是由高度集中的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制決定的。
(1)highly centralized planned economic system:高度集中的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制
(2)dictate: v.口授命令;支配
1.The second phase begin in 1984 when the State Council decided to make the PBC function as a central bank.
第二階段始于1984年，是國(guó)務(wù)院決定由中國(guó)人民銀行行使中央銀行的職能。
此句為由when關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的時(shí)間先行詞1984年。
(1)to make the PBC function as a central bank:使中國(guó)人民銀行行使中央銀行職能
(2)make: v.cause to be or become:使;使成為
(3)function (as…):operate;act:盡職責(zé);起作用
(4)PBC(People‘s Bank of China):the central bank of our country中國(guó)人民銀行，即我國(guó)的中央銀行
2.The decision,which was made in response to the increased role of market forces in the economy,promoted diversification of financial institutions with the establishment of the four specialized banks,now known as wholly state-owned commercial banks.
該決定是針對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)在整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的作用明顯提高的情況作出的，它促進(jìn)了金融機(jī)構(gòu)多元化的發(fā)展，先后組建了四大專業(yè)銀行，即現(xiàn)在人們所說(shuō)的四家國(guó)有獨(dú)資商業(yè)銀行。
(1)which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
(2)in response to:對(duì)……作出反應(yīng);對(duì)……作出回答
(3)market forces:市場(chǎng)因素;市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)
force: n.thing that makes great changes:引起重大改變的事物;因素;力
例：economic forces:經(jīng)濟(jì)因素
monetary forces:貨幣因素
(4)diversification: n.多種經(jīng)營(yíng);多元化
diversify: v.make diverse;give variety to:使不同;使變化
diversification of export:出口多樣化
diversification of risk:風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散
(5)specialized bank:專業(yè)銀行
(6)wholly state-owned commercial bank:國(guó)有獨(dú)資商業(yè)銀行
Paragragh 10
3.The third phase began in 1993 when the State Council issued the Decision on Financial Reform, recognizing the urgent need for developing new financial markets, institutions and instruments.
第三階段始于1984年，那一年國(guó)務(wù)院頒發(fā)了《關(guān)于金融體制改革的決定》，強(qiáng)調(diào)了建立和發(fā)展新的金融市場(chǎng)、金融機(jī)構(gòu)以及金融工具的重要性和緊迫性。
(1)Decision on Financial Reform:《關(guān)于金融體制改革的決定》
4.The government introduced a comprehensive package of measures aimed at restoring financial order as well as addressing the inflationary pressure and signs of overheating,particularly in the real estate sector and the stock markets.
政府采取了一系列措施以整頓金融秩序，應(yīng)對(duì)通貨膨脹的壓力及經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)熱現(xiàn)象，尤其是房地產(chǎn)和股票市場(chǎng)的過(guò)熱現(xiàn)象。
(1)introduce(into;to):bring sth into use or into operation for the first time:采用;引進(jìn);提倡
例：introduce new ideas into a business:引進(jìn)新觀念于一事業(yè)
(2)package:detailed plan:詳細(xì)的計(jì)劃
comprehensive: a.that comprehend much:包羅廣泛的;綜合性的
例：a complete package:整批
a comprehensive package of:一籃子;一系列
(3)aim at:have as a plan or intention:計(jì)劃;打算;以……為目標(biāo)
(4)restore:make welll or normal again;bring back (to a former condition):使恢復(fù)健康或正常;使恢復(fù)(以前的情況)
例：Law and order were quickly restored after the attempted violence.那次暴亂之后，法律與秩序迅速恢復(fù)了。
(5)address:引導(dǎo);指引
(6) inflationary pressure:通貨膨脹壓力
(7)(economic) overheating:經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)熱
(8)real estate:(legal)immovable property consisting of land,any natural resources,and buildings:(法律)房地產(chǎn);不動(dòng)產(chǎn)
(9)stock market:股票市場(chǎng)
1.During this period a number of important structural measures have been taken with particular significance for the banking sector.
在這一階段中，政府對(duì)銀行部門進(jìn)行了一系列具有重要意義的結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整。
(1)(take) structural measures:(進(jìn)行)結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整;采取結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整措施
2.The first was the unification of the renminbi(RMB) exchange rates and foreign exchange markets in January 1994.
其中包括：第一，1994年1月實(shí)行了人民幣匯率并軌。
(1)unification of Renminbi exchange rates:人民幣匯率并軌
exchange rates:匯率
unification: n.being unified:統(tǒng)一;單一化
unify: v.form into one;unite:使合一;統(tǒng)一
3.Second, the passage of central banking and commercial banking laws in 1995 has provided legal basis for the banking system in China.
第二，1995年通過(guò)中央銀行法和商業(yè)銀行法為中國(guó)的銀行體制改革提供了法律依據(jù)。
(1)provide legal basis for…:為……提供法律依據(jù)
4.Third, the acceptance of the obligations of Article VIII of the Artiles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund in December 1996, namely commitment to RMB current account convertibility, has officially removed the remaining restrictions on international payments for trade and service transactions.
第三，1962年12月，我國(guó)接受國(guó)際貨幣基金協(xié)定第八條義務(wù)，承諾人民幣在經(jīng)常賬戶下可兌換，消除了官方對(duì)國(guó)際商品和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的外匯支付限制。
(1)Article VIII of the Artiles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund:國(guó)際貨幣基金組織協(xié)定第八條款
(2)RMB current account convertibility:人民幣在經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目下可兌換(第八條款的一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容)
5.Fourth, the establishment of a unified inter-bank money market in 1996 has facilitated better liquidity adjustment for financial institutions.
第四，1996年建立了統(tǒng)一的銀行間拆借市場(chǎng)，為金融機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整流動(dòng)性創(chuàng)造了更好的條件。
(1)interbank money market:銀行同業(yè)拆借市場(chǎng)
inter-:among;between:在……之中;在……中間
money market:貨幣市場(chǎng)
(2)liquidity adjustment:流動(dòng)性調(diào)整
6.Fifth, the gradual shift from direct to indirect monetary policy instruments has greatly improved transimission of monetary policy and effectiveness of macroeconomic management.
第五，貨幣政策工具由直接到間接的逐漸改變，極大地改善了貨幣政策的傳導(dǎo)效果和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)管理效率。
(1)direct or indirect monetary policy instruments:直接或間接的貨幣政策工具
(2)transmission:傳遞;傳導(dǎo)(效果;機(jī)制)
(3)effectiveness of microeconomic management:宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)管理效率
7.Sixth, the segregation of banking business from securities and insurance business has contributed to the stability of the financial system in a transition period characterized by massive instiutional changes,inadequate regulatory resources and insufficient self-discipline.
第六，在體制大幅調(diào)整，監(jiān)管能力不足以及行業(yè)自律意識(shí)不強(qiáng)的轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期，實(shí)現(xiàn)了銀行與證券業(yè)、保險(xiǎn)業(yè)的分業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)，保證了整個(gè)金融體制的穩(wěn)定。
(1)segregation: n.隔離;分開(kāi)
segregate: vt.put apart from the rest;isolaate:隔離;分開(kāi)
例：a policy of social segregation:種族隔離政策
(2)securities: (pl.)n.(復(fù)數(shù))證券、股票和債券的投資(表明某人擁有股票或債券的證明)
例：gilt-edged securities:金邊債券，優(yōu)等債券(對(duì)英國(guó)政府債券的投資)
listed securities:上市證券(可在證券交易所買賣的股票或在官方證券交易所掛牌的證券)
securities broker:證券經(jīng)紀(jì)人或交易商(以買賣證券為業(yè)的人)
(3)insurance: n.保險(xiǎn)(投保人定期向保險(xiǎn)公司支付小額資金，保險(xiǎn)公司在投保人遭受損失、損害和傷害或死亡時(shí)給予補(bǔ)償?shù)膮f(xié)議)
例：life insurance:人壽保險(xiǎn)
endowment insurance:養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)(一種人壽保險(xiǎn)，到期投保人可得到所保的金額，倘若投保人在到期前死亡，其繼承人可得到所保的金額)
general insurance:普通保險(xiǎn)(涉及被盜、損失、損害等的保險(xiǎn)，人壽險(xiǎn)除外)
(4)contribute (to): v.have a share in;help to bring about:有助于;促成
(5)a transition period:過(guò)度時(shí)期;轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期
transition: n.changing,change,from one condition or set of circumstances to another:轉(zhuǎn)移;過(guò)度
(6)massive institutional change:大幅度的體制調(diào)整(變化)
massive: a.large,heavy and solid:大而重的;巨大的
institution: n.long-established law,customs, or group:由來(lái)已久的法律，風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣或團(tuán)體;體制
institutional: a.法律的;體制的
(7)inadequate regulatory resources:管理手段缺乏;監(jiān)管能力不足
inadequate: a.not adequate;insufficient:不適當(dāng)?shù)?不充分的
regulate: vt.control systematically;cause to obey a rule or standard:有系統(tǒng)地管理;節(jié)制;使遵守規(guī)則或合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
regulatory: a.管理的，控制的，調(diào)整的
例：regulatory power:管理權(quán)(實(shí)施政府法規(guī)的權(quán)力)
resource: n.sth which helps in dong sth,that can be turned to for support,help consolation:有助于做某事的辦法;解決困難或獲得成功之方法
(8)insufficient self-disicipline:自我約束不夠;自律(意識(shí))不強(qiáng);
insufficient: a.not sufficient:不充足的;不夠的
self-:(prefix):(前綴)表示"自我，自身..."
例：self-employed: a.非受雇傭的;個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)的
self-financing: n.自籌資金(公司從自有資金來(lái)源中籌集開(kāi)發(fā)成本、購(gòu)買固定資產(chǎn)的費(fèi)用)
self-disicipline:自律;自我約束
1.In addition, three policy banks (the State Development Bank, the Agricultual Development Bank of China and the Export and Import Bank of China) were established in 1994 to facilitate the separation of policy banking from commercial banking operations.
此外，1994年國(guó)家成立了三家政策性銀行(國(guó)家開(kāi)發(fā)銀行、中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行和中國(guó)進(jìn)出口銀行)，從而促使了政策性銀行業(yè)務(wù)與商業(yè)銀行業(yè)務(wù)的分離。
(1)three policy bank:三家政策性銀行
the State Development Bank:國(guó)家開(kāi)發(fā)銀行
the Agricultural Development Bank of China:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行
the Export and Import Bank of China:中國(guó)進(jìn)出口銀行
2.These policy-banking institutions have embarked on a track of steady development.
這些政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)步入穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的軌道。
(1)embark on a track of steady development:進(jìn)入穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的軌道
embark (on;upon):start;take part in:開(kāi)始;從事
例：embark upon a new business undertaking:從事一項(xiàng)新的商業(yè)
track: n.course;line taken by sth:進(jìn)程;路經(jīng)
3.They are playing an important role in financing major infrastructural projects and promoting agricultural development and international trade.
它們?cè)趪?guó)家重大基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目融資、促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和國(guó)際貿(mào)易等方面，發(fā)揮著重要的作用。
(1)to finance major infrastructural projects:對(duì)重大基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目融資
finance: v.provide money for (a scheme, project, etc):供(計(jì)劃、項(xiàng)目等)以經(jīng)費(fèi)
infrastructure: n.the parts of a system that compose the shole:形成整體的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)之各部分;基礎(chǔ);基本設(shè)施
infrastructural: a.of infrastructure: 基礎(chǔ)的;基本設(shè)施的
(2)promote: v.help to organize and start;help the progress of:提倡;促進(jìn)
Paragragh 13
4.Through years of reform efforts, China has developed a banking system consisting mainly of the wholly state-owned commercial banks and joint-equity commercial banks under the supervision of the central bank, the People‘s Bank of China.
經(jīng)過(guò)多年的改革努力，中國(guó)已建立起了一個(gè)在中央銀行——中國(guó)人民銀行監(jiān)管下的以國(guó)有獨(dú)資商業(yè)銀行與股份制商業(yè)銀行為主體的銀行體系。
(1)the wholly state-owned commercial banks:國(guó)有獨(dú)資商業(yè)銀行
joint-equity commercial banks:股份制商業(yè)銀行
5.As of the end of 2000,China‘s banking system had three policy banks, four wholly state-owned commercial banks and more than 100 joint-equity commercial banks.
到2000年底，中國(guó)的銀行體系擁有三家政策性銀行，四家國(guó)有獨(dú)資商業(yè)銀行，以及100多家股份制商業(yè)銀行。
(1)as of:till:截止
5.The non-bank financial sector mainly consisted of trust and investment companies, securities firms, finance companies and insurance firms as well as many urban and rural credit cooperatiives.
非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)主要包括投資公司、證券公司、財(cái)務(wù)公司、保險(xiǎn)公司以及眾多城鄉(xiāng)信用合作社。
(1)non-bank financial sector:非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)
(2)trust and investment company:信托投資公司
(3)securities firm:證券公司
(4)finance company:財(cái)務(wù)公司
(5)insurance firm:保險(xiǎn)公司
(6)urban and rural credit cooperatives:城鄉(xiāng)信用合作社
1.The stabilization and adhustment efforts that began in 1993 brought the economy to a soft landing.
1993年政府開(kāi)始實(shí)施穩(wěn)定和調(diào)整政策，實(shí)現(xiàn)了我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的軟著陸。
(1)bring the economy to a soft landing:實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的軟著陸
economy: n.system for the management and use of resources:經(jīng)濟(jì)(制度)
例：domestic economy:家庭經(jīng)濟(jì);家政
national economy:國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)
a soft landing:軟著陸
2.Inflation measured by retail price index declined from the peak of 21.7 percent in 1994 to 0.8 percent in 1997 and remained subdued in the following years while real GDP growth moderated gradully from 13.5 percent in 1993 to a more sustainable rate.
由零售物價(jià)指數(shù)來(lái)衡量的通貨膨脹率從1994年21.7%的高點(diǎn)下落到1997年的0.8%，并且在后來(lái)的幾年中一直被控制在一個(gè)較低的水平上，而國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)率也從1993年的13.5%逐漸回落到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的水平上。
(1)retail price index:零售物價(jià)指數(shù)
(2)decline: v.continue to become smaller,weaker,lower:繼續(xù)變小，變?nèi)?，變?/p>
例：a declining birthrate:在下降中的出生率
declining sale:銷售不景氣
(3)subdue: vt.make quieter,softer,gentler:緩和;減弱
(4)moderate: v.make or become less violent or extreme:緩和;減輕;穩(wěn)定
(5)sustain: v.(enable to) keep up;maintain:(使能)維持;保持;
sustainable: a.
a more sustainable rate:可持續(xù)發(fā)展的水平上
3.The robust microeconomic growth has been sustained since then despite the negative impact of the Asian financial crisis.
此后，盡管受到亞洲金融危機(jī)的不利影響，中國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)仍然保持著強(qiáng)勁的增長(zhǎng)勢(shì)頭。
(1)robust macroeconomic growth:強(qiáng)勁的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)
robust: a.vigorous;healthy:有活力的;健康的
macroeconomic: a.宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的
Asian financial crisis:亞洲金融危機(jī)
(2)negative impact:不利影響;負(fù)面影響
negative: a.expressing the absence of any positive character; that stops,hinders or makes powerless:消極的;反對(duì)的
(3)impact: n.strong impression or effect:強(qiáng)烈印象或影響
4.The external sector performance also improved significantly during the period.
在此期間，我國(guó)的涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)成績(jī)斐然。
(1)external sector:涉外(經(jīng)濟(jì))部門;外貿(mào)企業(yè)
5.The strong export performance and capital inflow resulted in the increase of official foreign exchange reserves, from USD51.6 billion at the end of 1994 to nearly USD166 billion at the end of 2000.
出口和資本流入大幅度增加，官方外匯儲(chǔ)備從1994年底的516億美元增加到2000年底的1600億美元。
(1)capital inflow:資本流入
(2)official foreign exchange reserves:官方外匯儲(chǔ)備
6.The RMB exchange rate has remained stable.
人民幣匯率保持穩(wěn)定。
(1)RMB exchange rate:人民幣匯率
7.The implementation of the stabilization and structural measures has been a major factor underlying the resilience of the Chinese economy in the context of the crisis in Asian financial markets and the recent weakening of global economic activity.
宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定政策和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整措施，是我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在亞洲金融危機(jī)陰影籠罩和近年來(lái)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)疲弱的環(huán)境下，依然保持較快發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要因素。
(1)implementation: n. 實(shí)現(xiàn);完成
implement: v.carry an undertaking,agreement,promise into effect:實(shí)現(xiàn);完成(任務(wù)等)
(2)stabilization: 此處指"國(guó)家實(shí)施宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定政策"。
structural measures:(經(jīng)濟(jì)、行業(yè))結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整措施
(3)structure: n.way in which sth is put together,organized,etc:結(jié)構(gòu);構(gòu)造
例：company‘s organizational structure:公司的組織結(jié)構(gòu)
price structure:價(jià)格結(jié)構(gòu)
capital structure of a company:公司的資本結(jié)構(gòu)(公司資本構(gòu)成的方式)
the company‘s salary structure:公司的工資構(gòu)成(公司中不同工種不同工資的結(jié)構(gòu))
(4)resilience: n.quality or property of quickly recovering the original shape or condition after being pulled, [ressed,crushed,etc:彈性;回彈
(fig)power of recuperating quickly:(喻)迅速恢復(fù)的力量
(5)in the context of:在……背景(環(huán)境)下
context: n.circumstance in which an event occurs:(某一事件發(fā)生的)環(huán)境;背景
(6)weaken: v.make or become weak:使弱;變?nèi)?/p>
weakening:疲軟
Paragraph 15
8.Although capital market development is expected to speed up, banks in China, which currently provide about 75 percent of aggregate financing in the economy, are likely to continue to playing a dominant role in financing economic and technological development as well as the economic reform in the foreseeable future.
盡管中國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展將會(huì)加快，目前占整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)融資總量75%的銀行業(yè)在可以預(yù)見(jiàn)的將來(lái)，在為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和科技進(jìn)步融資，以及經(jīng)濟(jì)(體制)改革中仍將發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。
(1)Although…,banks in China…:整個(gè)句子是主從復(fù)合句，其中由Although…引導(dǎo)的"讓步狀語(yǔ)從句"，主句中又包括一個(gè)由which…引導(dǎo)的"非限制性定語(yǔ)從句"。
(2)expect: vt.think or believe that sth will happen or come:預(yù)期;期待
(3)are likely to…:that is expected to:很可能發(fā)生的……;有希望的……
(4)(in) financing economic and technological development:由financing引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作"介詞in"的賓語(yǔ)。
方向。