常用介詞，方向介詞和動(dòng)名詞的用法
詞性是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)入門的基礎(chǔ)，這一關(guān)不難攻破。以下是小編為大家整理的關(guān)于介詞和動(dòng)名詞的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，希望能幫到你。
一、常用介詞用法比較
(1)as , like
as 表示"作為"強(qiáng)調(diào)身份，like (介詞)表示"像"
As a teacher, he cares for these children.
Like a teacher, he cares for these children.
(2)with , in
with 表示"外貌特征或附帶的東西" ," 用……作工具"
in 表示"衣著" "用某語(yǔ)言", 在固定搭配中也可用in
A man with dark glasses wanted to buy drinks.
A man in black wanted to buy drinks.
The boy is learning to write in pencil / with a pencil.
He retold the text in English.
(3)for , to
for表示"為了."
To 表示動(dòng)作對(duì)象, "對(duì), 向." 如:
He would do anything for his motherland.
Did you mention this to my father?
你對(duì)我父親提起過(guò)這件事嗎?
for 表示"就某情況而說(shuō) ", to 表示一"對(duì)某對(duì)象而言"如：
It's quite warm today for February.就二月的天氣，今天夠暖和的。
What he told you just now was not new to me
他剛才對(duì)你所說(shuō)的話對(duì)我并不新鮮
for 表示"目的,用途"。與go, come 動(dòng)詞連用
(5)on ,about 關(guān)于
on 表示這本書、文章、演說(shuō)是嚴(yán)肅的學(xué)術(shù)性的，供專門研究這一問(wèn)題的人閱讀;
about表示內(nèi)容較為普通，不那么正式。
例句：There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon.
He is writing a book on cooking.
He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.
(6)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具
by 以……方法、手段或泛指某種交通工具;
with 表示用 …工具、手段，一般接具體的工具和手段;
in 表示用…方式，用…語(yǔ)言(語(yǔ)調(diào)、筆墨、顏色)等;
例句：He makes a living by selling newspapers.
He broke the window with a stone.
The foreigner spoke to us in English.
二、表示方向的介詞
表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的介詞
(1)into, inside , in 從外到內(nèi) 如：
He went quickly into / inside the room.
He went quickly into / inside the room.
(2)out of 從里到外，相當(dāng)于outside, 或從里向外,相當(dāng)于from
She went out of from the office in a hurry 她匆匆走出辦公室.
The boy watched the buses, cars and bikes out from the window .
這男孩透過(guò)窗觀看外面的公交車、小汽車和自行車。
(3)on 在……表面，onto 到……上
A boat is on the river. 一條小船在河上。
He jumped onto a tree. 他跳上一棵樹
(4)across 穿過(guò)一平面、through 穿過(guò)一空間
The boy kicked the ball hard and it moved across the grass.
這男孩用力踢球，球飛過(guò)草地。
The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火車飛駛隧道。
(5)The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火車飛駛隧道。
She walked to the bank 她步行到銀行去
She swam towards the shore 她朝岸邊游去。
三、動(dòng)名詞的作用
1、作主語(yǔ)
1)、 直接位于句首做主語(yǔ)。
例如：Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2)、 用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語(yǔ))置于句尾作后置主語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不太常用 it 作先行主語(yǔ)，多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。
例如：It is no use telling him not to worry.
3)、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的比較：動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語(yǔ)。在意義上相近。但動(dòng)名詞多用來(lái)表示泛指或抽象動(dòng)作，不定式多用來(lái)表示特指或具體動(dòng)作。比較： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.
2、作表語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)常是表示無(wú)生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可互換位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
3、作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如： a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing 。
4、作賓語(yǔ)
例：We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。
5、有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞 ，不能跟不定式。
allow;avoid; celebrate; consider; discontinue; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse; explain; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help; imagine; keep; it means;mind; miss; practice; prevent;等
6、另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用短語(yǔ)。
spend money/time; think of， give up， put off， insist on， be good at， do well in， can't help， keep on， feel like， be tired (afraid， capable， fond) of， look forward to, be used to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to,
7、 有些詞后面加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可，例如：remember, forget, try, stop, go on, stop,regret,, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意義截然不容。
例： like doing sth 表經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作like to do sth表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作;
stop doing sth,停止正在做的事情stop to do sth停下來(lái)做另外一件事; remember,forget,regret的不定時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)指后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，動(dòng)詞的ing形式則先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作
remember to do/doing：
?、買 remembered to post the letters.(指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)將要做的動(dòng)作)
?、贗 remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我記得做過(guò)這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
try to(努力)與try +–ing(試驗(yàn))：
①I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里)
?、贗 tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次);go on to do sth繼續(xù)做某事(不是同一件事)， go on doing sth繼續(xù)做某事(同一件事);