since的用法說(shuō)明
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since的用法主要有兩點(diǎn):一是表示“自從……以來(lái)”,二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解詞的含義,而不了解其用法,在使用時(shí)就會(huì)造成錯(cuò)誤。例如:I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 不少人會(huì)望文生義,將該句譯為:“自從我住在上海以來(lái),就再也沒(méi)有收到他的信了。”而實(shí)際上這個(gè)句子的譯文并非如此,那么正確的含義是什么呢? 下面小編就為大家詳細(xì)介紹下since的用法說(shuō)明,希望對(duì)大家有用。
since的用法說(shuō)明如下:
下面談?wù)剆ince作連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的用法。
一、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是終止性的過(guò)去時(shí),則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從動(dòng)作開(kāi)始的那一時(shí)刻起”。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自從他來(lái)到我們學(xué)校,他學(xué)習(xí)就非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left here自從他們離開(kāi)這里,我們就一直很想念他們。
這是最常見(jiàn)的一種用法,此處不再多述。
二、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí),則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從那持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時(shí)算起”。如:
I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.
Sleep 為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,sleep的動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí),即“醒來(lái)”時(shí),這句應(yīng)譯為“我醒后還未聽(tīng)到任何聲音”。
John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher約翰現(xiàn)在和父母一起住在紐約,他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了。
本文開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)的那個(gè)句子就可以譯為“自從我離開(kāi)上海,就再也沒(méi)有收到他的信。”這種譯法常被人們誤用,我們不妨再多舉幾個(gè)例子看看:
How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你離開(kāi)(沒(méi)住在)上海多久了?
It is half a month since he was a League member.他退團(tuán)(不當(dāng)團(tuán)員)半個(gè)月了。
It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我離開(kāi)倫敦已很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
比較:He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來(lái),他屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語(yǔ)為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來(lái),他就屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語(yǔ)為終止性動(dòng)詞)
三、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),則表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(說(shuō)話時(shí)刻),其表示的時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從動(dòng)作發(fā)生之時(shí)算起。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。
這里has lived表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從:“開(kāi)始居住”時(shí)算起。因此此句可理解為“自從他(開(kāi)始)住在那兒起,我就一直沒(méi)收到他的來(lái)信”。
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車,我們每年都去野營(yíng)。
試比較:1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學(xué)校,我們已換了三個(gè)校長(zhǎng)了。
Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自從我離開(kāi)這所學(xué)校,他們已換了三個(gè)校長(zhǎng)了。
2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來(lái),他從未來(lái)看過(guò)我。
He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病愈以來(lái),他從未來(lái)看過(guò)我。
由此可見(jiàn),since引導(dǎo)的從句持續(xù)動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的意思恰好相反。換言之,一般過(guò)去時(shí)持續(xù)動(dòng)詞以肯定的語(yǔ)法形式反映著否定的邏輯內(nèi)容,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的形式與內(nèi)容是一致的。
至于It is +一段時(shí)間+since…的句型與It has been +一段時(shí)間+since…意思相同。前者是規(guī)范說(shuō)法,后者是口語(yǔ)說(shuō)法。
應(yīng)注意的是,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對(duì)不能用否定式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示否定意義,下面兩句都錯(cuò)了:
It is a long time since he didn’t study English.
It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.
正確的說(shuō)法為:
It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒(méi)學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。
You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有兩個(gè)月沒(méi)來(lái)看我了。
1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn) (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
since是一個(gè)用法極活躍的詞, 也是高考中的重點(diǎn)考查詞匯, 現(xiàn)就其用法歸納如下:
一、用作介詞, 意思是“從……以來(lái), 自從”, 常與完成時(shí)連用。
I haven’t written home since Christmas.
自圣誕節(jié)以來(lái), 我未曾寫信回家。
二、用作副詞,意思是“從那時(shí)以后(一直到現(xiàn)在)”, “其后(到現(xiàn)在之間)”; ever since從那以后一直 (更加強(qiáng)調(diào)since的用法)。
Things have not changed very much since.
從那時(shí)起, 情況并沒(méi)有太大的改變。
His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since.
他的第一本書非常暢銷, 從那時(shí)起他就成了一位名作家。
He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since.
他從1970年開(kāi)始在那家公司任職, 之后就一直在那里工作。
三、用作連詞
1. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于now that,意思是“因?yàn)?hellip;…,既然……, 鑒于……”。
Since the rain has stopped,let’s go for a walk.
既然雨停了,我們出去散散步吧。
Since we are young,we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes.
因?yàn)槲覀冞€年輕,所以不應(yīng)該太害怕犯錯(cuò)誤。
注意:since表示原因時(shí), 語(yǔ)氣比because弱, 表示的原因是對(duì)方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分, 是附帶的原因, 因此引導(dǎo)的從句不是信息的焦點(diǎn), 不能回答why的提問(wèn), 也不能用在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中作為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。since引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在主句之前。
2. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,此用法較復(fù)雜。
(1) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是終止性動(dòng)詞(如go,come,leave, start, begin等)的過(guò)去時(shí), 則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從該動(dòng)作開(kāi)始的那一時(shí)刻起”。這是最常見(jiàn)的一種用法。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從來(lái)到我們學(xué)校,他學(xué)習(xí)就非常努力。
Great changes have taken place in our school since you left.
自從你離開(kāi)這里,我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了很大的變化。
(2) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如live, stay, study, learn, smoke, be等)的過(guò)去時(shí),則從句表示的時(shí)間是“從該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的完成或結(jié)束時(shí)算起”。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
這句話應(yīng)譯為:從他不住這兒起,我一直沒(méi)有收到他的信。
I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school.
was表示狀態(tài),因此該句可理解為:I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school.
自從我畢業(yè)后就一直沒(méi)吃過(guò)蛇。
試比較:
He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
自從我病愈以來(lái),他經(jīng)常給我寫信。(從句謂語(yǔ)為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.
自從我生病以來(lái),他經(jīng)常給我寫信。(從句謂語(yǔ)為終止性動(dòng)詞)
(3) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),則表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(說(shuō)話時(shí)刻),其表示的時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從動(dòng)作發(fā)生之時(shí)算起。如:
He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.
這里have been ill表示狀態(tài)的持續(xù)性,時(shí)間的起點(diǎn)應(yīng)從:“開(kāi)始生病”時(shí)算起。因此此句可理解為:“自從我生病以來(lái),他經(jīng)常給我寫信。”
試比較:
I’ve written her 20 letters since I have been here.
自從我來(lái)到這,我已經(jīng)給她寫了20封信。(從開(kāi)始算起)
I’ve written her 20 letters since I was here.
自從我離開(kāi)這兒,我已經(jīng)給她寫了20封信。(從結(jié)束算起)
(4) It is + 段時(shí)間 + since... / It has been + 段時(shí)間 + since...表示“從……起已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”。兩句型意思相同,前者是規(guī)范說(shuō)法,后者是口語(yǔ)說(shuō)法。
用法:since從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí),若從句中是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí), 則表示該動(dòng)作結(jié)束有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。如:
It is three years since he smoked.
他不吸煙已有3年了。
試比較:
It is three years since he began to smoke.
It is three years since he has smoked. 兩句均意為:他吸煙已有3年了。
注意:在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中, since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對(duì)不能用否定式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示否定意義, 試比較:
他好久沒(méi)學(xué)漢語(yǔ)了。
誤:It is a long time since be didn’t study Chinese.
正:It’s a long time since he studied Chinese.
(studied為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)從其動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起)
since的用法說(shuō)明
since的用法主要有兩點(diǎn):一是表示自從以來(lái),二是表示既然之意。但如果只了解詞的含義,而不了解其用法,在使用時(shí)就會(huì)造成錯(cuò)誤。例如:I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 不少人會(huì)望文生義,將該句譯為:自從我住在
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