附加疑問(wèn)句各種成分的選用和分析
附加疑問(wèn)句各種成分的選用和分析
以下是小編為大家整理的附加疑問(wèn)句各種成分的選用和分析,希望能幫助大家更好地認(rèn)識(shí)附加疑問(wèn)句,提高英語(yǔ)水平。
英語(yǔ)的附加疑問(wèn)句主要是通過(guò)重復(fù)前面句子中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。其操作詞通常要與前面句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞保持人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的一致;其主語(yǔ)也必須是與前面句子的主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和性別方面保持一致的人稱(chēng)代詞;其否定詞應(yīng)該使用not的縮略式 n't。例如:
Mary failed her exam, didn't she?
瑪麗考試未及格,不是嗎?
You are not better, are you?
你還沒(méi)有恢復(fù)健康,是嗎?
John will go out, won't he?
約翰將出去,不是嗎?
在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,一些人對(duì)附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)、操作詞、肯定或否定形式的選用往往容易弄錯(cuò)。這里僅對(duì)在選用簡(jiǎn)單句(包括陳述句、祈使句、感嘆句)的附加疑問(wèn)句各種成分時(shí)容易產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤的問(wèn)題作一些歸納和分析。
A. 簡(jiǎn)單句的附加疑問(wèn)句主語(yǔ)的選用
a.當(dāng)前面句子是以引導(dǎo)詞there引起的表示存在的句子時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)是重復(fù)there。例如:
There will be a meeting tomorrow, won't there?
明天有一個(gè)會(huì)議,是嗎?
There is still some ink in the bottle, isn't there?
瓶里還有一些墨水嗎?
b.當(dāng)前面句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或詞組時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)必須用it。例如:
Writing the book has taken up all his spare time, hasn't it?
寫(xiě)這本書(shū)占去了他所有的業(yè)余時(shí)間,是嗎?
Lifting weights will build arm and shoulder muscles, won't it?
舉重可以鍛煉臂部肌肉和肩部肌肉,對(duì)嗎?
To adopt an attitude is to seek truth from facts, isn't it?
這種態(tài)度就是實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度,不是嗎?
From Wuhan to Beijing is over 1,000 kilometres, isn't it?
從武漢到北京有1 000多公里,是嗎?
c.當(dāng)前面句子的主語(yǔ)是指示代詞that, this; these或those時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)分別用it或they。例如:
These are not story books, are they?
這些不是故事書(shū),是嗎?
This isn't a fast train, is it?
這不是一輛快車(chē),是嗎?
That was a very pleasant trip, wasn't it?
那是一次很愉快的旅行,不是嗎?
當(dāng)指示代詞such用作前面句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)得根據(jù)其概念而定,即可能是單數(shù)it,也可能是復(fù)數(shù)they。例如:
Such is life, isn't it?
生活就是這樣,不是嗎?
Such are available, aren't they?
這些東西可以弄到,不是嗎?
d.當(dāng)前面句子的主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one, none, everyone, everybody, somebody等復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用he或they都可以。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中一般傾向于用they(這時(shí),操作詞也得用復(fù)數(shù))。這是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中沒(méi)有一個(gè)既可指he又可指she的單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)代詞,而這些復(fù)合不定代詞究竟表示男人還是女人是不明確的,不便一律都用he。例如:
Everybody has got a ticket, haven't they?
每人都有一張票,是嗎?
Anyone can do that, can't they?
任何人都能做那件事,對(duì)嗎?
Everyone knows his job, doesn't he?
每個(gè)人都知道他的工作,不是嗎?
當(dāng)前面句子的主語(yǔ)是表物的復(fù)合不定代詞everything, something, anything, nothing作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)只能用it。例如:
Everything seems all right, doesn't it?
看來(lái)一切都很正常,對(duì)嗎?
Nothing is wrong, is it?
沒(méi)有什么錯(cuò)的,是嗎?
e.如果前面句子的主語(yǔ)為each of…結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“各自、各個(gè)”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用he;當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“全體”而不著重“各自”時(shí),則根據(jù)情況分別用they, we或you。其操作詞的數(shù)也必須隨附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)而變化。例如:
Each of the successful candidates was presented with a certificate, wasn't he?
每個(gè)成功了的參賽者都分別得到了一張證書(shū),是嗎?
Each of the students passed the examination, didn't they?
所有學(xué)生都通過(guò)了考試,是嗎?
Each of us have been there, haven't we?
我們所有人都去過(guò)那兒,不對(duì)嗎?
f.當(dāng)前面句子的主語(yǔ)是不定代詞one時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)在正式場(chǎng)合用one,非正式場(chǎng)合用you,在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,非正式場(chǎng)合還可用he。例如:
One can't be too careful, can one?
人們?cè)叫⌒木驮胶?,?duì)嗎?(正式場(chǎng)合)
One should do his duty, shouldn't he?
(一個(gè))人應(yīng)該履行自己的職責(zé),對(duì)嗎?(非正式場(chǎng)合)
最后一個(gè)句子的附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)只能用he,如果將前面句子中的物主代詞分別改用one's或your,其附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)也該用one或you。試比較:
One should do one's duty, shouldn't one?(正式場(chǎng)合)
One should do your duty, shouldn't you?(非正式場(chǎng)合)
B. 附加疑問(wèn)句操作詞的選用
附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞包括連系動(dòng)詞be、助動(dòng)詞be、do和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。選用操作詞時(shí),除了以上提到的情況外,還要注意以下一些情況。
a.當(dāng)前面句子中有had better和would rather時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞應(yīng)分別為had或would。例如:
You'd better go now, hadn't you?
你最好現(xiàn)在就走,可以嗎?
You'd rather be there early, wouldn't you?
你寧可早點(diǎn)到達(dá)那兒,行嗎?
如果前面句子的主語(yǔ)是we,附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞還可用shall表示進(jìn)一步征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)。例如:
“Well,” he said amiably,“perhaps we'd better see how it shakes down, shall we?”
“好吧,”他親切地說(shuō),“我們還是看看那震動(dòng)的情況怎樣,好嗎?”
b.如果前面句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是wish,其附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞常用may。例如:
I wish to call on you tonight, may I?
我想今晚來(lái)拜訪你,行嗎?
I wish to go home now, may I?
我現(xiàn)在可以回家了嗎?
c.當(dāng)前面句子的主語(yǔ)是I,動(dòng)詞是am時(shí),在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)中英國(guó)人常用aren't I;美國(guó)人則習(xí)慣用ain't I。在很正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,也有用am I not或am not I的,但較少見(jiàn)。英國(guó)人在非正式場(chǎng)合還用an't I 或a'n't I;蘇格蘭和愛(ài)爾蘭的方言還有用amn't I的情況。例如:
I am interested in the story, aren't I?
我不是對(duì)這個(gè)故事很感興趣嗎?
Excuse me, I'm rather careless, arn't I?
對(duì)不起,我太粗心了,是嗎?
I am good enough, aren't I?
我夠好了,不是嗎?
Oh dear, I am a dead loss, aren't I?
哎呀,我完全無(wú)能為力了!
d.當(dāng)前面句子使用ought to時(shí),盡管多數(shù)人認(rèn)為附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞該用should來(lái)代替ought,但在英美一些詞典和教科書(shū)里,附加疑問(wèn)句使用ought或oughtn't的例子也比比皆是。例如:
She ought to go by bus, oughtn't she?
她應(yīng)當(dāng)乘車(chē)去,不是嗎?
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
這樣的事情不應(yīng)該得到許可,對(duì)嗎?
He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
他應(yīng)當(dāng)受到責(zé)備,不是嗎?
Everyone ought to brush his teeth regularly, oughtn't they?
人人都應(yīng)當(dāng)養(yǎng)成刷牙的習(xí)慣,對(duì)嗎?
從我們所收集的語(yǔ)言材料來(lái)看,英國(guó)人用ought的多,美國(guó)人習(xí)慣用should。由此可見(jiàn),學(xué)者們對(duì)此的意見(jiàn)之所以不一致,是英美兩國(guó)的習(xí)慣不一致之故。因此,我們認(rèn)為,ought和should都應(yīng)該視為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英語(yǔ),只是用should時(shí)語(yǔ)氣較委婉,聽(tīng)起來(lái)也較自然些;而用ought時(shí)口氣較莊重些罷了。
e.當(dāng)前面句子帶有used to時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞用use(d)和did均可,但后者比較口語(yǔ)化。例如:
You used to play the flute, usedn't you?
你過(guò)去常常吹長(zhǎng)笛,是嗎?
You used to live in Leeds, use(d)n't you/didn't you?
你過(guò)去總是住在利茲城,是嗎?
有趣的是,在前面句子的used to后面用不定式be時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞還可用be的過(guò)去時(shí)形式。例如:
She used to be a sort of friend of yours, was she not?
她過(guò)去是你的朋友,不是嗎?
f.當(dāng)前面句子中的must表示“必須”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞仍用must。如前面句子的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞則用needn't。例如:
We must work hard, mustn't we?
我們必須努力工作,對(duì)嗎?
All the students must learn English, needn't they?
所有的學(xué)生都應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),對(duì)嗎?
如果前面句子的must表示一種“推測(cè)”,附加疑問(wèn)句中既可用同一情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,還可用be, do或have的適當(dāng)形式。例如:
So it must be all right, mustn't it?
那一定全對(duì),不是嗎?
What time is it? Must be four o'clock, mustn't it? I'd got there by three.
幾點(diǎn)鐘了?一定是四點(diǎn)了,不是嗎?我本來(lái)要在三點(diǎn)鐘之前就趕到那兒的。
It must be twelve, isn't it?
一定12點(diǎn)了,是嗎?
She must have been to New York, hasn't she?
她一定去過(guò)紐約了,是嗎?
They must have succeeded in the experiment last week, didn't they?
他們上星期實(shí)驗(yàn)一定成功了,是嗎?
g.當(dāng)前面句子中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may或might時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞仍可用may或might。例如:
I may come in, mayn't I?
我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎?
I may come and see her tomorrow, mayn't I?
我明天來(lái)看看她,可以嗎?
It may have been in your mind, mayn't it?
它可能留在你的記憶中,是嗎?
He might have heard from Tom, mightn't he?
他可能收到了湯姆的信,對(duì)嗎?
Then he mightn't be there, might he?
他當(dāng)時(shí)可能不在那兒,是嗎?
國(guó)外有些學(xué)者對(duì)附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞是否可用縮寫(xiě)否定形式mayn't和mightn't有著不同的看法。有人反對(duì)用mayn't,而主張用mightn't取而代之,有人甚至認(rèn)為連mightn't也禁用。其實(shí),以上一些例句均來(lái)自英美名家之筆。由此可見(jiàn),mayn't和mightn't不但有人用于附加疑問(wèn)句中,而且用得也很自然。甚至當(dāng)might作想象性的用法,主語(yǔ)又是第二人稱(chēng)you時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞還可用will來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求。例如:
You might get me the paper, will you?你給我把那篇論文拿回來(lái)吧,好嗎?
You might ask James to bring the two-seater round about a quarter past two, will you?
你叫詹姆斯在兩點(diǎn)一刻左右把那輛雙座位汽車(chē)開(kāi)來(lái),好嗎?
h.當(dāng)前面句子中有have作為時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞仍應(yīng)用have的適當(dāng)形式。例如:
By 1980 they had finished building the Friendship Hotel, hadn't they?
截止到1980年底,他們才完成這座友誼賓館的建造任務(wù),不是嗎?
She hasn't begun to write the novel, has she?
她還沒(méi)有開(kāi)始寫(xiě)那部小說(shuō),是吧?
如果前面句子中有半助動(dòng)詞 have to時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞可用do或have的適當(dāng)形式,前者較為常見(jiàn)。在口語(yǔ)中,可用have got to代替have to,這時(shí)附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞只能用have的適當(dāng)形式。例如:
We have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?
明天早上我們要在四點(diǎn)鐘起床,是吧?
You haven't to go out again, have you?
你不必再出去了,是嗎?
He hasn't got to answer all the questions in the examination paper, has he?
他沒(méi)有必要回答試卷里的所有問(wèn)題,是嗎?
如果動(dòng)詞have 被用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表示“擁有”具體實(shí)物時(shí),其附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞可用have 或do的適當(dāng)形式。前者主要用于英國(guó),后者則多用于美國(guó)。例如:
He has a radio, hasn't he?
他有一臺(tái)收音機(jī),是嗎?(英國(guó)英語(yǔ))
They had a beautiful house, didn't they?
他們?cè)幸粭澠恋姆孔樱皇菃?(美國(guó)英語(yǔ))
若have用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,但表示的卻是“擁有”具體實(shí)物以外的其他意義,其附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞只能使用do的適當(dāng)形式。例如:
He has breakfast at seven, doesn't he?
他是在7點(diǎn)鐘吃早飯,是吧?
You had a comfortable journey, didn't you?你們進(jìn)行了一次舒適的旅行,是嗎?
下面兩句盡管有“擁有”的含義,但由于賓語(yǔ)是非具體實(shí)物名詞,所以,其附加疑問(wèn)句的操作詞仍然只能用do的適當(dāng)形式。例如:
They have four classes in the morning, don't they?
他們上午上(有)四節(jié)課,是嗎?
He has much time to read, doesn't he?
他有大量的時(shí)間讀書(shū),是嗎?
C. 簡(jiǎn)單句的附加疑問(wèn)句的肯定、否定式及其附加疑問(wèn)句的謂語(yǔ)部分通常與前面句子的謂語(yǔ)相反,即前面句子的謂語(yǔ)用肯定式,其附加疑問(wèn)句就用否定式;前面句子的謂語(yǔ)用否定式,附加疑問(wèn)句就用肯定式。但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,有一些現(xiàn)象卻值得注意。
a.當(dāng)前面句子帶有hardly, scarcely, seldom等準(zhǔn)否定詞時(shí),其附加疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)用肯定式。例如:
He never said such a thing, did he?
他從來(lái)沒(méi)提過(guò)這件事,是嗎?
It's scarcely dry, is it?
這還沒(méi)有干,是嗎?
當(dāng)前面句子有復(fù)合不定代詞nothing, nobody, no one等否定意義的詞時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句也要用肯定形式。例如:
He has nothing more to say, has he?
他再?zèng)]有什么要講的,是嗎?
Nobody came yesterday, did they?
昨天沒(méi)人來(lái),是嗎?
b.當(dāng)前面句子是第二人稱(chēng)祈使句時(shí),其附加疑問(wèn)句用肯定形式will(can/would) you或其否定形式won't(can't/wouldn't) you均可,但在語(yǔ)氣上肯定式較為婉轉(zhuǎn)。例如:
Have a little more coffee, will you?
請(qǐng)?jiān)俸赛c(diǎn)咖啡吧。
Come down quickly, can't you?
請(qǐng)快點(diǎn)下來(lái)吧。
Stop that noise, won't you?
你們不要吵了,好嗎?
在第二人稱(chēng)祈使句的否定句后,附加疑問(wèn)句只能用肯定形式will you。例如:
Don't be late, will you?
不要遲到了,好嗎?
Don't do that, will you?
不要那樣做,好嗎?
如果祈使句是以let's開(kāi)頭,其附加疑問(wèn)句用shall we;如果以let開(kāi)頭,其附加疑問(wèn)句則通常用will you,因?yàn)檫@種祈使句的意義不包括對(duì)方在內(nèi),這時(shí)let us實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于allow us。例如:
Let's go for a walk, shall we?
我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉?,好?
Let us go, will you?
放我們走,好嗎?
若是以let me開(kāi)頭的祈使句,附加疑問(wèn)句可用will you或may I表示。例如:
Let me help you, may I?
讓我來(lái)幫助你,好嗎?
Let me have a try, will you?
讓我試一試,行嗎?
c.當(dāng)前面句子是感嘆句時(shí),其附加疑問(wèn)句只能用否定式,因?yàn)楦袊@句是沒(méi)有否定形式的(參見(jiàn)10.17 C.e)。例如:
What beautiful weather, isn't it?
多么好的天氣呀!
How time does fly, doesn't it?
時(shí)間過(guò)得多快呀!
How diligent the boy is, isn't he?
這小孩真夠勤奮的。
What long words you use, don't you?
你用的單詞真夠長(zhǎng)的呀!
d.有一類(lèi)附加疑問(wèn)句與其前面的簡(jiǎn)單句謂語(yǔ)形式相同,即兩部分或者都是肯定的,或者都是否定的。這類(lèi)附加疑問(wèn)句往往帶有感情色彩,一般不要求對(duì)方給予回答,所以有人稱(chēng)之為“修飾性疑問(wèn)句”(參見(jiàn)10.14)。例如:
“I don't like the picture.”“Oh, you don't, don't you?”
“我不喜歡這張照片。”“哦,不喜歡,是這樣嗎?”(表示懷疑)
“You'd better not come. You can't swim so far.”“So I can't swim so far, can't I?”
“你最好別過(guò)來(lái),你游不了那么遠(yuǎn)。”“我游不了那么遠(yuǎn),我真游不了嗎?”(表示不服氣)
有時(shí)為了表示強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩,在簡(jiǎn)單句的句首還可用oh dear。例如:
“Your son has broken his leg.”“Oh dear, he has, has he?”
“你兒子腿摔斷了。”“哦,天哪!這是真的嗎?”
這種結(jié)構(gòu)的附加疑問(wèn)句也可用來(lái)提問(wèn)。其前面句子用來(lái)表示猜測(cè),然后用疑問(wèn)部分來(lái)問(wèn)這一猜測(cè)是否正確。例如:
This is the last bus, is it?
這是最后一班公共汽車(chē),是吧?
He likes the idea, does he?
他是贊成這個(gè)想法的,是吧?
e.在口語(yǔ)中,附加疑問(wèn)句有時(shí)會(huì)插入or一詞。這種情況發(fā)生在說(shuō)話(huà)者在陳述完一個(gè)句子時(shí),忽然又覺(jué)得對(duì)前述沒(méi)有把握,開(kāi)始發(fā)生懷疑。例如:
He is Tom, or is he?
他就是湯姆,不會(huì)錯(cuò)吧?
He is Lao Wang, isn't he, or is he?
他是老王,是吧,噯,他是老王嗎?
They have told you the news, or have they?
他們已經(jīng)把這個(gè)消息告訴你了,不錯(cuò)吧?
f.現(xiàn)在有些語(yǔ)法學(xué)者把附加疑問(wèn)句的范圍加以擴(kuò)大,他們認(rèn)為,只要是在一個(gè)句子(甚至是片語(yǔ))后,附加了一個(gè)完整的句子(甚至是單詞),以表示說(shuō)話(huà)者要求對(duì)方證實(shí)他的看法,都有理由稱(chēng)為附加疑問(wèn)句。我們認(rèn)為,這種看法是符合附加疑問(wèn)句的基本概念的。故此,以下的一些例子都可稱(chēng)為附加疑問(wèn)句:
He is a nice man, don't you think?
他是一個(gè)好人,你認(rèn)為是嗎?
She's your daughter, am I right?
她是你的女兒,對(duì)嗎?
He's not on duty now, do you suppose?
他現(xiàn)在不在值班,你猜猜看?
A good omen for poor English, eh?
這是貧窮的英國(guó)之吉兆,是嗎?
Those kids didn't waste much time, hey?
那些小鬼沒(méi)有浪費(fèi)多少時(shí)間,是嗎?
It's a good film, what?
這是一部好電影,是不是?
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