高二英語人教版選修8知識點大全
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高二英語人教版選修8
Unit 1 A land of diversity
原文+翻譯
CALIFORNIA加利福尼亞
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加州是美國第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。 It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州與眾不同之處在于它也是美國最具多元文化的一個州。它吸引了來自世界各地的人們。 The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 這些移民的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣以及語言在他們的新家都得以延續(xù)。 This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.當(dāng)你了解了加利福尼亞的歷史，你就不會對其文化的多樣性感到驚奇了。
NATIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人
Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具體是什么時候來到我們現(xiàn)在了解的加利福尼亞地區(qū)的, 誰也說不清楚。 However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為這些遷居者通過一條史前時期曾經(jīng)存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區(qū)的白令海峽到達(dá)美洲。 In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. 歐洲人在16世紀(jì)到來這里之后，土著人遭受了極大的苦難。 Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上萬人被殺或被迫成為奴隸。In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 歐洲人帶來的疾病，使許多人染病而死。 However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不過，還是有一些人經(jīng)歷了這些恐怖時期而活下來了。今天住在加利福尼亞的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。
THE SPANISH西班牙人
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. 在18世紀(jì)的時候，加利福尼亞是被西班牙統(tǒng)治的。 Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世紀(jì)初期來到南美洲的，他們同土著人打仗，奪去了他們的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 兩個世紀(jì)以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地區(qū)定居下來，而且還在我們現(xiàn)在稱之為美國的西北沿海地區(qū)住下來。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亞州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責(zé)是向原住居民傳授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人從西班牙獲得了獨立。 California then became part of Mexico.加利福尼亞于是成了墨西哥的一部分。In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. 1846年美國向墨西哥宣戰(zhàn)，美國贏得戰(zhàn)爭勝利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亞割讓給美國。However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. 但是,這個州至今仍然保留著很強的西班牙文化的影響。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 這就是為什么今天還有40%的加利福尼亞人仍然把西班牙語作為第一或第二語言的緣故。
RUSSIANS俄羅斯人
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. 在19世紀(jì)初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄羅斯獵人開始在加利福尼亞定居下來。 Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.今天，住在舊金山及其周邊地區(qū)的美籍俄羅斯人大約25，000人。
GOLD MINERS金礦工
In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. 1848年,美墨戰(zhàn)爭后不久,在加利福尼亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦。 The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. 發(fā)財夢很快就吸引了來自世界各地的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. 距離最近因而來的最早的是南美洲人和美國人， Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. 隨后跟著來的有歐洲和亞洲的探險家。 In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. 事實上, 很少有人圓了發(fā)財夢。Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. 許多人死了或回家了，但是盡管條件十分艱苦，大多數(shù)人仍然留在了加利福尼亞勞作謀生，在新的城鎮(zhèn)或農(nóng)場里定居下來。 By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國第31個州的時候, 它已經(jīng)是一個有著多元文化的社會了。
LATER A RRIVALS后來的移民
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 雖然中國移民在淘金熱期間就開始來到(美國)，但是更大批量的中國移民卻是在十九世紀(jì)六十年代為了修建貫穿美國東西海岸的鐵路而來的。Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the "Chinatowns" of Los Angeles and San Francisco. 今天,加利福尼亞州各地都有美藉華人居住,盡管有很大比例的華人還是選擇住在洛杉磯和舊金山的“中國城”里。Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. 十九世紀(jì)后期，其他國家的移民，比如意大利人來到加利福尼亞，他們主要是漁民，也有些釀酒工人。 In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. 1911年丹麥移民建立了他們自己的城鎮(zhèn)，至今仍保留著丹麥文化。 By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. 到了二十世紀(jì)二十年代，電影產(chǎn)業(yè)在加利福尼亞州的好萊塢建立了起來。 The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. 這個行業(yè)吸引了許多歐洲人包括許多猶太人。Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States. 今天，加利福尼亞的猶太人口在美國占第二位。Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. 日本的農(nóng)民是在20世紀(jì)初期開始到加利福尼亞來的,而從20世紀(jì)80年代以來就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亞定居了。 People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. 非洲人從19世紀(jì)就在加利福尼亞住下來，他們是從墨西哥向北遷來的。However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries. 然而更多的非洲人在1942年到1945年之間來到加利福尼亞的，當(dāng)時他們是到船廠和飛機廠工作的。
MOST RECENT ARRIVALS最近期的移民
In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 在最近幾十年里,加利福尼亞成了亞洲人的家,包括柬埔寨人、朝鮮人、越南人和老撾人。 Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California. 從20世紀(jì)70年代開始發(fā)展計算機工業(yè)以來，加利福尼亞又吸引了印度人和巴勒斯坦人的到來。
THE FUTURE未來展望
People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California世界各地的人，由于受氣候條件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在繼續(xù)遷入加利福尼亞。. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人們認(rèn)為, 要不了多久，多種國籍的混合將會非常之大，以至于不可能存在一種主要的種族或文化群體，而只是多種族、多文化的混合體。
重要單詞
1.means. n. 手段;方法
2.slavery. n. 受奴役的狀態(tài);奴隸制
3.majority. n. 大多數(shù);大半
4.immigration. n. 移居入境;移民
5.percentage. n. 百分比;百分率
6.aircraft. n. 飛行器;航空器;飛機
7.mix. vt. 混合;拌和 n. 混合;結(jié)合
8.mixture. n. 混合;混合狀態(tài);混合物
9.nationality. n. 國籍;民族
10.racial. adj. 人族的;種族的
11.applicant. n. 申請人
12.socialist. n. 社會主義者;社會黨人 adj. 社會主義的
13.occur. vi. 發(fā)生;出現(xiàn)
14.central. adj. 中心的;中央的;主要的
15.indicate. vt. 指出;標(biāo)示;表明;暗示
16.swap. vi&vt. 交換
17.apparent. adj. 顯而易見的;顯然的;表面上的
18.apparently. adv. 顯然地;顯而易見的
19.slip. vi. 滑動;滑行;滑跤 n. 滑動;滑倒
20.ferry. n. 渡船;渡口 vt. 擺渡;渡運
21.hire. vt&n. 租用;雇傭
22.insert. vt. 插入;嵌入
23.react. vi. 作出反應(yīng);回應(yīng)
重要短語
1.by means of 用……方法;借助……
2.in addition 而且
3.declare war on ……向……宣戰(zhàn)
4.take in 包括;吸收
5.a great/good many 許多，很多
6.at various times 在不同時代
7. make a life (for sb.) 習(xí)慣于新的生活方式、工作等;謀生
8. keep up 保持;繼續(xù)
9.ger/have a good view of 好好欣賞……
10.team up with 與……合作或一起工作
11.mark out 劃線;標(biāo)出……界線
Unit 2 Cloning
原文+翻譯
CLONING:WHERE IS IT LEADING US?克?。核鼘盐覀円蚝畏?
Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. 克隆一直與我們同在，而且它還要持續(xù)下去。It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. 這是一種用來生產(chǎn)與原型完全相同的動植物的方法。 It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. 當(dāng)園藝師從生長著的植物上剪下枝條來培植新植物時，就會產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。 It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. 這種現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在動物身上，從同一個原生卵子產(chǎn)生性別和相貌相同的雙胞胎也是克隆。The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.實際上，這些都是自然克隆現(xiàn)象。
Cloning has two major uses. 克隆技術(shù)有兩大用途。 Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. 第一，園藝師一直用它生產(chǎn)大量的供商用的植物; Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. 第二，它在對新植物物種的研究以及在對動物的醫(yī)學(xué)研究方面都是很有價值的。 Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake.克隆植物簡單，但克隆動物就比較復(fù)雜了，是一項很難完成的任務(wù)。Many attempts to clone mammals failed. 克隆哺乳動物的多次嘗試都失敗了。 But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough- the cloning of Dolly the sheep. 但是，科學(xué)家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報，這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的誕生。The procedure works like this:它的程序如下圖(略)所示：
1.母羊(甲)提供一個卵細(xì)胞。
2.在卵細(xì)胞中取出細(xì)胞核。
3.卵細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備接受新的細(xì)胞核。
4.母羊(乙)提供一個供克隆的軀干細(xì)胞，該細(xì)胞應(yīng)包含有生產(chǎn)一頭新羊所需要的全部基因。
5.取出該細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核。
6.用電把母羊(乙)的軀干細(xì)胞核和母羊(甲)的卵細(xì)胞連接起來。
7.細(xì)胞分裂并生長成胚胎。
8.把胚胎置入另外一頭寄生的母羊(丙)體內(nèi)，母羊(丙)就是克隆羊的代孕。
9.這頭小羔羊就是母羊(乙)所提供的細(xì)胞核克隆而成的。
On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. 一方面整個科學(xué)界都在關(guān)注著首例成功的克隆動物多莉羊的成長。 The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. 多莉看來是在正常地成長著，這很令人鼓舞。Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. 接著傳來了多莉病重的壞消息。 Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. 研究看來的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)多莉得的病更容易發(fā)生在年老的羊身上，這讓他們很沮喪。 Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. 可悲的是，多莉只活了六年半，這是它的原型羊壽命的一半。 Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. 可悲的是，同樣無法控制的命運也在影響著其他物種，如克隆鼠。The questions that concerned all scientists were: "Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? 科學(xué)家們的腦海里產(chǎn)生的問題是“這是不是所有克隆動物的一個主要困難呢?Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure?" 這種現(xiàn)象會不會永遠(yuǎn)發(fā)生?如果改進研究程序，問題會不會解決呢?”
On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. 另一方面，多莉羊的出現(xiàn)引起了一陣強烈的反對，對媒體和公眾的想象力也產(chǎn)生了極大的影響。 It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybody's eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings. 它引起了爭議，因為它突破打開了人們的眼界，看到了有可能利用克隆技術(shù)來治療重病，甚至還有可能克隆出人類。
Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. 盡管目前供克隆研究的人類卵細(xì)胞很難獲得，報紙報道說，有些邪惡頭目希望把自己克隆出來以實現(xiàn)他們的野心。Religious leaders also raised moral questions. 宗教領(lǐng)袖還提出了道德方面的問題。 Governments became nervous and more conservative. 各國政府惶恐不安而且更加謹(jǐn)慎。Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. 有些政府開始改革司法制度，明令禁止進行克隆人類的研究，但是其他國家，如中國和英國，則仍然在繼續(xù)收集克隆技術(shù)有可能提供豐富的醫(yī)療救助的證據(jù)。 However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.然而科學(xué)家們?nèi)詫寺〖夹g(shù)有助于人類還是有害于人類，以及克隆技術(shù)將把我們引向哪里感到困惑。
重要單詞
1. differ vi. 不同：相異
2. exact adj. 準(zhǔn)確的，精確的：精密的
3. commercial adj.商業(yè)的：貿(mào)易的
4. straightforward adj. 簡單的：直接的：坦率的
5. undertake vt.著手：從事：承擔(dān)
6. breakthough n.突破
7. disturbing adj. 煩擾的
8. arbitrary adj. 任意的
9. altogether adv.總共：完全地
10. object vi. 不贊成：反對
11. moral adj.道德上的：倫理的
12. forbid vt.禁止：不準(zhǔn)
13. accumulate vt.積累：聚積
14. shortly adv.立刻：不久
15. bother v./n.打擾：操心/煩擾
16. assumption n.假定：設(shè)想
17. regulation n. 規(guī)則：規(guī)章：法規(guī)
18. extinct adj. 滅絕的：絕種的
19. resist vt.抵抗：對抗
20. merely adv. 僅：只：不過
21. decoration n.裝飾
22. unable adj. 不能的：不會的
23. argument n. 論據(jù)：論點：爭論
24. obtain vt. 獲得：得到
25. identical adj.同一的：一模一樣的
重要短語
1. (sb. be) cast down (by) 使沮喪
2. object to sth./sb. 不贊成，反對
object to doing sth. 反對某人干某事
have no objection to sb. doing sth. 不反對某人干某事
3. in favor of 贊成，同意，支持，看中，選中
in sb.’s favor 對某人有利的(地)
do sb. a favor 幫某人忙
4. (be) bound to (do) 一定，注定(做)。。。
5. from time to time 不時，偶爾
6. bring back to life 使復(fù)生
7. pay off (無被動)得到好結(jié)果，取得成功，奏效，償清，付清
pay a visit to 拜訪，訪問
pay attention to 注意
pay for 為。。。付款，為。。。付出代價
8. have an impact on 對。。。有影響
9. pass on …to 將。。。傳給。。。
10. take turns to do sth. 輪流干某事
11. experiment with 進行。。。的試驗
12. give birth to 生，使誕生
13. look back on 回顧
14. differ from 不同于，和。。。不同，和。。。意見不一致
differ in 在。。方面不同
differ with 與某人意見不同
be different from 與。。。不同，有區(qū)別
make a difference 產(chǎn)生差別，起重要作用
make no difference 不起作用
tell the difference between A and B 分辨出A與B的不同，區(qū)分A與B
15. undertake sth. 承擔(dān)某事
16. forbid sth./doing sth. 禁止某事/干某事
forbid sb. to do sth 不準(zhǔn)某人干某事.
forbid sb.from doing sth. 禁止某人干某事
forbidden 禁止的，不準(zhǔn)的
17. bother sb. with/about sth. 為某事打擾或煩擾某人
the thing that bothers sb. is …讓某人感到不安的是…
bothersome 引起麻煩的，困擾人的
18. resist doing sth. 反對做某事
resist the temptation 抵抗誘惑
19. be bound to do/be 一定，注定
20. find/think/make + it + adj. for sb. to do 發(fā)現(xiàn)/思考/讓某人做…
find sb./sth. done/doing 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人/某物怎么樣
Unit 3 Inventors and inventions
原文+翻譯
THE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKES蛇的困擾
When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset. 我給住在鄉(xiāng)下的母親打電話的時候，她感到很心煩。 "There are some snakes in our courtyard," she told me. “我們院子里有幾條蛇，”她告訴我說， "Snakes come near the house now and then, and they seem to have made their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get rid of them please?" “蛇時不時地爬到屋子邊上來。可這幾條蛇似乎是在屋子附近離胡桃樹不遠(yuǎn)的地方安家了。你能不能把它們趕走?” I felt very proud. 我感到很自豪， Here was a chance for .me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them. 這回我有機會來表現(xiàn)一下自己了。我要發(fā)明某種仁慈的東西。既可以把蛇捉住，而又不會傷害它們。 I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these living creatures!我知道我的父母親是不會讓我傷害這些生物的。
The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. 我所做的第一件事就是看看有沒有現(xiàn)成的產(chǎn)品能幫助我。但是，看來只有一種毒殺蛇的藥粉。 A new approach was clearly needed. 很明顯，我得找一種新的方法了。 I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. 于是我就著手研究蛇的習(xí)性，以便能找到最容易的方法捉住它們。Luckily these reptiles are small and that made the solution easier. 好在這些爬行動物都很小，問題比較容易解決。
Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches: 經(jīng)過一番研究準(zhǔn)備之后，我決定采用三種可能的方法： firstly, removing their habitat; 第一，鏟除蛇的棲息地;secondly, attracting them into a trap using male or female perfume or food; 第二，用男人或女人用的香水或食物把它們引進陷阱; and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be easily caught. 第三，降低它們的體溫，使它們困乏，這樣就容易把它們捉住。 I decided to use the last one. 我決定采用最后一種方法。 I bought an ice-cream maker which was made of stainless steel. Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled. 我買了一個制冰淇淋的不銹鋼碗，在碗的內(nèi)壁和外壁之間有些膠狀物，冷卻后會凍結(jié)。 I put the bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. 我把這個碗放進冰箱，冷凍了24小時。At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.與此同時，我還準(zhǔn)備了一些冰塊兒。
The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. 第二天早晨太陽光還不太熱，我就早早起床了。I placed the frozen bowl over the snakes' habitat and the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool. 我把冰凍的碗放在蛇窩的上方，再把小冰塊放在碗上，以使碗保持冷卻狀態(tài)。 Finally I covered the whole thing with a large bucket. 最后再用一個大桶把碗罩住。于是我就等著。Then I waited. After two hours I removed the bucket and the bowl. 過了兩個小時我才把桶和碗一起拿開。 The snakes were less active but they were still too fast for me. 蛇不像以前那么活躍了。 They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall. 但是對于我來說，它們行動還是太快了，突然一下子就消失在附近的墻洞里去了。 So I had to adjust my plan.于是我只得調(diào)整我的計劃。
For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again but placed them over the snakes' habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool.第二次試驗我用的還是冰凍的碗和冰塊兒，但是這次我是在夜晚氣溫開始變涼的時候把它們放在蛇窩的上方， Then as before, I covered the bowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. 然后用桶把碗罩住，通宵放在那兒。 Early the next morning I returned to see the result. 第二天一早我就去看結(jié)果。This time with great caution I bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy. 這一次我蹲下去檢查的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)蛇都是睡意濃濃的。 But once picked up, they tried to bite me. 但是一把它們提起來，它們就要咬我。 As they were poisonous snakes, I clearly needed to improve my design again.因為它們都是毒蛇，所以很顯然我還得改進我的捕蛇方案。
My third attempt repeated the second procedure. 第三次試驗重復(fù)了第二次的程序，The next morning I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish. This was in the expectation that the snakes would bite again. 第二天早晨我的手里拿了一個捕魚的小網(wǎng)，這是因為我預(yù)料蛇還會再咬人。But monitored carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and all went according to plan. 經(jīng)過仔細(xì)的監(jiān)視，證明這些蛇不會惹麻煩，一切都按計劃進行著。I collected the passive snakes and the next day we merrily released them all back into the wild.我把這些溫順的蛇收集起來，第二天就把他們?nèi)酷尫诺揭巴饬恕?/p>
Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. 由于朋友和親戚的敦促，我決定抓住這次機會把我的發(fā)明送到專利局去，請他們對我這次成功的思路給予認(rèn)可。 Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. 只有你得到這種承認(rèn)，你才可以說是一個真正的發(fā)明家。The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. (評定)專利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常嚴(yán)格，除非新的想法真是新穎的，否則很難被接受。In addition, no invention will get a patent if it is:此外，你的想法如果屬于下列情況，那么你也不可能得到專利：
◎a discovery一種發(fā)現(xiàn)
◎a scientific idea or mathematical model一種科學(xué)理論或數(shù)學(xué)模式
◎literature or art文學(xué)或藝術(shù)
◎a game or a business一場游戲或一筆交易
◎a computer programme一個電腦程序
◎a new animal or plant variety一種新的動植物物種
Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product really is different from everyone else's. 你的產(chǎn)品要經(jīng)過仔細(xì)調(diào)查，證明它確實與眾不同的，你才能獲得專利。 There are a large number of patent examiners, too, whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. 專利局還有一大批審查人員，他們的唯一職責(zé)就是審查你的專利申請是否有效。 If it passes all the tests, your application for a patent will be published 18 months from the date you apply. 如果通過了所有這些審查，你申請的專利就會在你提出申請的18個月之后公布出來。 So I have filled in the form and filed my patent application with the Patent Office. 于是，我填了表，向?qū)＠痔峤涣松暾垥?Now it's a matter of waiting and hoping. 現(xiàn)在就是等待和期盼了。 You'll know if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! 將來你看看我的銀行結(jié)余金額就會知道我是否成功了。 Wish me luck!祝我好運吧!
重要單詞
1. discovery n. 發(fā)現(xiàn);發(fā)覺
2. patent n.專利證書;專利發(fā)明
3. distinguish vi&vt顯示……的差別;使……有所不同;辨別
4. product n. 產(chǎn)品
5. powder n.粉末;火藥
6. abrupt adj.突然的;意外的
7. convenient adj.便利的;方便的
8. expectation n.預(yù)料;期望
9. monitor vt. n.監(jiān)控;班長;監(jiān)聽器;監(jiān)視器
10.passive adj.被動的;消極的;被動語態(tài)的
11. valid adj.有效的;確鑿的
12.application n.申請;請求;實施
13.file n.文件;檔案;文件夾，把……歸檔;提交
14.Bear vt.忍受;忍耐;負(fù)擔(dān)
15.jam n.堵塞;阻塞;果醬
16.mess n.臟亂的狀態(tài);雜亂
17.dot n. vt.點;小圓點，以小圓點標(biāo)出;分散
18.tap vt. n.輕打;輕拍;輕敲，輕輕地敲擊;龍頭
19.wire n.金屬絲;電線
20.current n. /adj.電流;現(xiàn)在的;當(dāng)前的
21.importance n.重要性
22.stable adj.穩(wěn)固的;穩(wěn)定的;安定的
23.practical adj.實際的;實踐的;實用的
24.court n.法庭;法院;朝廷
25.version n. 版本;譯本
重要短語
1. now and then 偶爾;有時
2. get rid of 除去;除掉
3. set about 開始;著手
4. in case (以防)萬一
5. set out to do 開始(做)
6. be aware of 意識到
7. in truth 的確;事實上
8. out of order 次序顛倒;發(fā)生故障
9. get through 設(shè)法聯(lián)系上;做完，通過
10. ring back 回復(fù)電話
11. call up 給……打電話
12. dive into 迅速把手伸入;一心投入
13. hang on 不掛斷;緊緊握住;稍等
14. ring off 掛斷電話
Unit 4 Pygmalion
原文+翻譯
PYGMALION皮格馬利翁
MAIN CHARACTERS: 主要人物：
Eliza Doolittle (E): a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself
Professor Higgins (H): an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of a person's English decides his/her position in society
Colonel Pickering (CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins' who sets him a task
伊萊扎·杜立特爾(伊)：窮苦的賣花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活
希金斯教授(希)：語言學(xué)專家，堅信一個人的英語水平?jīng)Q定這個人的社會地位
皮克林上校(皮)：陸軍軍官，后來成了希金斯教授的朋友。希金斯還給上校安排了一項任務(wù)
Act One FATEFUL MEETINGS第一幕 決定性的會面
11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre. 1914年某日晚上11點15分，在英國倫敦某劇場外。 It is pouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions. 下著傾盆大雨，四處響著出租車的鳴笛聲。A man is hiding from the rain listening to people's language and watching their reactions. 有一位男士在躲雨，邊聽人們談話，邊觀察著人們的反應(yīng)。While watching, he makes notes. 一邊觀察，一邊做記錄。Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is also sheltering from the rain. 附近有一個賣花姑娘也在躲雨。A gentleman (G) passes and hesitates for a moment.這時有位先生(先)從這兒路過，他遲疑了片刻。
E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.
伊：長官，過這邊來呀，買我這個苦命孩子一束花把!
G: I'm sorry but I haven't any change.
先：對不起，我沒有零錢。
E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.
伊：長官，我可以給你找零錢呀。
G: (surprised) For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.
先：(驚奇地)一個英鎊你找得開嗎?沒有再小的錢了。
E: (hopefully) Oah! Oh, do buy a flower off me, Captain. Take this for three pence. (holds up some dead flowers)
伊：(帶有希望的神色)啊!好啦，買一束吧。拿這一束，只要三個便士。(舉起一束已經(jīng)枯萎的花)
G: (uncomfortably) Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl. (looks in his wallet and sounds more friendly) But, wait, here's some small change. Will that be of any use to you? It's raining heavily now, isn't it? (leaves)
先：(不舒服地)別煩我了，好姑娘。(在錢包里找什么，這時語氣好些了)等一等，這兒有幾個零錢。這點錢對你有用嗎?雨下大了，不是嗎?(說完就走了)
E: (disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing) Thank you, sir. (sees a man taking notes and feels worried) Hey! I ain’t done nothing wrong by speaking to that gentleman. I've a right to sell flowers, I have. I ain’t no thief. I'm an honest girl I am! (begins to cry)
伊：(對先生付的錢表現(xiàn)出失望的樣子，但是有總比沒有好)先生，謝謝了。(看到有人在記什么，感到很擔(dān)心)嗨，我跟那位先生說話，又沒有做錯什么事情。我有權(quán)賣花吧，我有權(quán)嘛!我不是小偷，我是個老實姑娘，老老實實的。(開始哭起來)
H: (kindly) There! There! Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for? (gives her a handkerchief)
希：(友善地)好啦，好啦!誰傷害你了，傻姑娘!你把我當(dāng)成什么人了?(遞給她一條手帕)
E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.
伊：我還以為你是一個便衣警察呢。
H: Do I look like a policeman?
希：我像警察嗎?
E: (still worried) Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know whether 'ou took me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!
伊：(仍在擔(dān)心)那你為什么要把我說的話記下來呢?我怎么知道你是不是寫對了呢?那你把你寫的東西給我看看。
H: Here you are. (hands over the paper covered in writing)
希：你看吧!(把寫滿字的紙遞給她)
E: What's that? That ain't proper writing. I can't read that. (pushes it back at him)
伊：這是什么呀?不像規(guī)規(guī)矩矩的字，我看不懂。(把紙退回給他)
H: I can. (reads imitating Eliza) "Come over' ere, cap'in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl." (in his own voice) There you are and you were born in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.
希：我來讀。(模仿伊的聲音讀)長官，過這邊來呀，買我這個苦命孩子一束花吧!(改用自己的聲音說)好了吧，你呀，如果我沒有弄錯的話，你出生在里森格羅佛。
E: (looking confused) What if I was? What's it to you?
伊：(困惑不解似的)如果我是又怎么樣呢?跟你有什么關(guān)系嗎?
CP: (has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins) That's quite brilliant! How did you do that, may I ask?
皮：(本來是一直望著這個姑娘的，這時跟希金斯說話了)太棒了!請問你是怎么知道的呢?
H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech. That's my profession and also my hobby. You can place a man by just a few remarks. I can place any spoken conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London sometimes.
希：對人的發(fā)音進行研究、分類，如此而已。這是我的專業(yè)。也是我的業(yè)余愛好。我可以根據(jù)幾句話判定是哪個地方的人。差距不過六英里。有時候在倫敦甚至不超過兩個街區(qū)呢。
CP: Let me congratulate you! But is there an income to be made in that?
皮：恭喜你了!不過，你這樣做有收入嗎?
H: Yes, indeed. Quite a good one. This is the age of the newly rich. People begin their working life in a poor neighbourhood of London with 80 pounds a year and end in a rich one with 100 thousand. But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths. Now once taught by me, she'd become an upper class lady ...
希：當(dāng)然有啊，還挺高呢。這是個致富的年代。人們從倫敦的窮人區(qū)開始工作，年收入才80英鎊，最后到了富人區(qū)工作，年收入就是10萬英鎊了。但是他們一張嘴就露出馬腳(暴露自己的身份)。如今讓我一教，她就會變成一個上層階級的淑女……
CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!
皮：是嗎?那太妙了!
H: (rudely) Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn her to the gutter to the end of her days. But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador's garden party. Perhaps I could even find her a place as a lady's maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English.
希：(粗魯?shù)?你瞧那個姑娘，英語說的那么糟糕，命中注定要在貧民窟里呆一輩子了。不過，先生，(高傲地)要是一旦有人教她把英語說好了，她就可以在三個月以內(nèi)冒充公爵夫人出席大使主辦的花園晚會了。說不定我還可以給她找份工作，當(dāng)一名貴婦人的侍女或商店的店員。這些工作都要求英語說得好呢。
E: What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!
伊：你說啥來著?店員?這正是我想要做的，真的!
H: (ignores her) Can you believe that?
希：(不理睬她)你相信我說的話嗎?
CP: Of course! I study many Indian dialects myself and ...
皮：當(dāng)然相信。我自己就學(xué)了好多種印度語，而且……
H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering?
希：真的嗎?那你認(rèn)不認(rèn)得皮克林上校呢?
CP: Indeed I do, for that is me. Who are you?
皮：當(dāng)然認(rèn)得，皮克林就是我。那么請問你貴姓?
H: I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.
希：我是亨利·希金斯。我還打算要去印度見你呢。
CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!
皮：我也正是到英國來找你的!
E: What about me? How'll you help me?
伊：我呢?你們怎么幫助我呢?
H: Oh, take that. (carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket) We must have a celebration, my dear man. (leave together)
希：啊，拿去吧!(漫不經(jīng)心地朝她的籃子里扔去一把錢)好老兄，我們該美美地慶祝一番了。(一道離去)
E: (looking at the collected money in amazement) Well, I never. A whole pound! A fortune! That'll help me, indeed it will. Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins. Just you wait and see! All that talk of (imitates him) "authentic English" ... (in her own voice) I'll see whether you can get that for me ... (goes out)
伊：(驚奇地看著收集起來的錢)啊，我還從來沒有見過!整整一個英鎊呢!一筆財富呀!這的確給我?guī)痛竺α?。真的。明天我一定去找你，亨?middot;希金斯。等著瞧吧!你那口(模仿他的聲音)“真正的英語”……(用自己的聲音)我倒要看看你能不能幫我找到……(離去)
重要單詞
1. adaptation n.適應(yīng)(性);改編本
2. plot n.情節(jié);陰謀
3. hesitate vi.猶豫;躊躇
4. uncomfortable adj.不舒服的;不安的;不自在的
5. troublesome adj.帶來麻煩的;使人心煩的
6. outcome n.結(jié)果;效果
7. mistaken adj.(見解或判斷上)錯誤的;不正確的
8. brilliant adj.光輝燦爛的;杰出的;才華橫溢的
9. classify vt.編排;分類;歸類
10. betray vt.顯露出(本來面目);背叛
11. dismiss vt.開除;讓……離開
12. condemn vt.譴責(zé);使……注定
13. acquaintance n.相識;了解;熟人
14. fortune n.機會;運氣;大筆的錢
15. upper adj.(位置或地位)較高的;級別較高的
16. status n. 身份;地位;職位
17. superio adj.優(yōu)秀的;優(yōu)等的;較高的;上級的 n.上級;長官
18. antique adj.古時的;(因古老、稀少而)珍貴的文物;古董;古玩
19. musical adj.音樂的;喜愛音樂的 n.音樂戲劇
20. compromise n.&vi.妥協(xié);折衷
21. horrible adj.可怕的;恐怖的;令人不愉快的
22. disgusting adj.使人反感的;令人厭惡的
23. overlook vt.俯視;未看到;忽視;不理會
24. fade vi.&vt.(使)褪色，減弱;逐漸消失
25. classic adj.經(jīng)典的;第一流的 n.經(jīng)典著作
26. effective adj.有效的
重要短語
1. hold up 舉起;阻擱;阻擋
2. make one’s acquaintance 結(jié)識;與 ……相見
3. in amazement 驚愕地
4. in term of … 就……來說;從……角度
5. show …in 帶或領(lǐng)……進來
6. the other day 幾天前
7. take away 帶走;取走
8. once more 再一次
9. in need of… 需要……
10. take…for .認(rèn)為……是……;誤以為
11. take down 寫下;記下
12. pass…off as… (某人)冒充……
13. fade out (聲音，畫面)逐漸模糊，漸淡
Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors
原文+翻譯
A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES周口店洞穴參觀記
A group of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit. An archaeologist (A) is showing them round. 一群英國學(xué)生(學(xué))來到周口店洞穴參觀，有一位考古學(xué)家(考)正領(lǐng)著他們參觀。
A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England, who are interested in archaeology. You must be aware that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world. We've been excavating here for many years and ...
考：歡迎到中國來參觀周口店洞穴。很高興見到你們這些來自英國并且對考古學(xué)感興趣的學(xué)生。你們想必都很清楚，正是在這個地方，我們找到了居住在世界上這個部分最早人類的證據(jù)。我們在這兒進行的挖掘工作已經(jīng)很多年了，而且……S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and trees.
學(xué)1：對不起，打斷了你的講話。請問他們怎么能夠住在這個地方呢?這兒只有石頭和樹木啊。
A: Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.
考：問得好。你是個敏銳地觀察者。在高山上的那些洞穴里我們找到了人骨和獸骨，還有工具和其他物品。因此，我們有理由認(rèn)為他們不顧嚴(yán)寒，就住在這些洞穴里。
S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do. It must have been very uncomfortable.
學(xué)2：那他們是怎樣取暖的呢?他們不可能像我們現(xiàn)在這樣有墊子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。
A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires. That would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well. We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter. We haven't found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold during the freezing winter.
考：我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在洞穴中央有生火用的地爐。他們用地爐里的火來取暖、做飯，還可以用火來嚇跑野獸。我們一直在挖掘一層層的積灰，幾乎有六米厚，這意味著他們可能整個冬天都在燒火。我們還沒有找到門，但我們認(rèn)為在天寒地凍的冬季他們可能是用獸皮掛在洞口來防寒的。
S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?
學(xué)3：在那以前有些什么野獸呢?
A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people? (shows picture of a sewing needle)
考：嗯，我們在洞里陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)老虎和熊的骨頭。我們認(rèn)為，這些野獸對他們來講是最危險的敵人了?，F(xiàn)在，你們看這個東西能告訴我們有關(guān)早期人類生活的什么情況呢?(指著一張畫有針線的照片讓大家看)
S2.: Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?
學(xué)2：哎呀，那是一根針。天哪，難道他們還會修補東西嗎?
A: What else do you think it might have been used for?
考：除此之外，你認(rèn)為還可能派別的什么用場嗎?
S4: Let me look at it. It's at most three centimetres long. Ah yes, it seems to be made of bone. I wonder how they made the hole for the ...
學(xué)4：讓我看看。這個東西最多三厘米長，看起來像是骨頭做的。我不知道他們是怎么樣做成針眼的。
S2: (interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they get the material?
學(xué)2：(插話)你是不是說他們自己做衣服穿?他們又是從哪里搞到衣料呢?
A: They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?
考：他們沒有像我們今天穿的這種衣料。你能猜出他們用的是什么嗎?
Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare them? I'm sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.
學(xué)1：哇，他們穿的衣服全都是用獸皮做的嗎?他們那些衣服是怎么做成的?獸皮剪裁并縫起來一定又厚又重啊。
A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins. We continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools. It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin. Then smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin. After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft. Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quite a difficult and messy task! Now look at this. (shows a necklace)
考：我們有證據(jù)表明，他們的確穿的是用獸皮制作的衣服。我們不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)一些磨削其他工具用的工具?？礃幼铀麄兛赡苁怯媚ゼ獾氖鱽砬懈钜矮F并剝皮，可能再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后他們可能在獸皮上擦上大量的鹽，使皮變?nèi)彳?。最后進行剪裁，縫起來就成了。確實是既難又臟的活!現(xiàn)在來看看這個吧。(指著一串項鏈)
S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace. Did early people really care about their appearance like we do? It's lovely!
學(xué)2：哎呀!這是一條原始的項鏈吧。早期人類也像我們現(xiàn)在一樣講究外貌嗎?太漂亮了!
A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it's made of?.
考：是的，還保存得很好呢。你們看看是用什么做的?
S4:Let me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others are made of shells.
學(xué)4：我來摸摸看。我想，有的珠子是用獸骨做的，有的是用貝殼做的，對嗎?
A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside. Can you identify any other bones?
考：你真聰明!有塊骨頭實際上是用野獸的牙齒，貝殼是從海邊撿來的。你還認(rèn)得別的骨頭嗎?
S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is that reasonable?
學(xué)1：這根很像魚骨頭，對嗎?
A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Probably there were fish in it.
考：很對。植物學(xué)的分析結(jié)果明確地告訴我們，這兒四周曾經(jīng)是一個很大的淺水湖。當(dāng)時湖里可能是有魚的。
S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get here?
學(xué)3：不過，湖并不是海呀。我們離海還遠(yuǎn)著呢。那么，貝殼又是怎么來的呢?
A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys. We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals. They didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals. That's why they are called hunters and gatherers. Now, why don't we go and visit the caves?
考：早期人類之間也許有貿(mào)易往來，或者他們也可能旅行到海邊去。我們知道，他們跟著獸群四處走。他們并不種植谷物，而是在野果熟了的時候采摘它們并捕殺野獸來充饑。這就是他們被稱之為獵人和采摘者的緣故。好了，咱們?nèi)⒂^洞穴好嗎?
重要單詞
1. alternative n. 可能的選擇;選擇對象 adj. 供選擇的;其他的
2. accuracy n. 精確：準(zhǔn)確
3. interrupt vi. 打斷…講話;打岔 vt. 暫時中斷或中止
4. assume vt. 假定;設(shè)想
5. sharpen vt.&vi. (使)鋒利，尖銳，清晰
6. ample adj. 足夠的;充足的;富裕的
7. primitive adj. 原始的;遠(yuǎn)古的;簡陋的
8. preserve vt. 保持;保存;保藏n. 禁獵地
9. analysis n. (pl.analyses)分析
10. specific adj. 詳細(xì)而精確的;確切的;特定的;具體的
11. specifically adv. 確切地;具體地;特別地
12. significance n. 意義;意思;重要性;重要意義
13. somehow adv. 以…方式;不知怎么地
14. systematic adj. 有系統(tǒng)的;有計劃的;有條理的
15. radioactive adj. 放射性的;有輻射能的
16. radioactivity n. 放射性
17. applaud vt.&vi. 鼓掌歡迎;贊賞
18. accelerate vt.&vi. 加速;促進
19. arrest vt. 逮捕;吸引 n. 逮捕;拘留
20. dizzy adj. 暈眩的;昏迷的;使人發(fā)暈或困惑的
21. relief n.(痛苦或憂慮的)減輕或解除;減輕痛苦的事物
22. affection n. 戀愛;喜愛
23. affectionate adj. 充滿深情的;有愛心的
24. patient adj. 耐心的;忍耐的
25. skilful adj.(英)有技巧的：熟練的(~美~skillful)
26. punctuation n. 標(biāo)點符號
重要短語
1. show…around 領(lǐng)某人參觀
2. regardless of 不管;不顧
3. keep out… 阻止…進入
4. cut up 切碎
5. look ahead 向前看;為未來打算
6. pronounced French accent 明顯的法國口音