英語高一必修一語法總結(jié)
英語高一必修一語法總結(jié)
英語語法知識是英語當中最難的考點，因為單詞和句子都是可以看到的，但是語法是蘊含其中的，所以學(xué)好語法知識很重要，小編整理了相關(guān)資料，希望能幫助到您。
Unit One Friendship
一、重點短語
1.go through 經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)受
get through 通過;完成;接通電話
2. set down 記下，放下
3. a series of 一系列
4. on purpose 有目的的
5. in order to 為了
6. at dusk 傍晚，黃昏時刻
7. face to face 面對面
8. fall in love 愛上
9. join in 參加(某個活動);
take part in 參加(活動)
join 加入(組織，團隊，并成為其中一員)
10. calm down 冷靜下來
11. suffer from 遭受
12. be/get tired of…對…感到厭倦
13. be concerned about 關(guān)心
14. get on/along well with 與…相處融洽
15. be good at/do well in 擅長于…
16. find it + adj. to do sth. 發(fā)現(xiàn)做某事是…
17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…
18. too much 太多(后接不可數(shù)n.)
much too 太…(后接adj.)
19. not…until 直到… 才
20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做… 并不開心
21. make sb. sth. 使某人成為…
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
二、語法----直接引語和間接引語
概念：直接引語：直接引述別人的原話。一般前后要加引號。
間接引語：用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話。間接引語在多數(shù)情況下可構(gòu)成賓語從句且不要加引號。
例： Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.”
Mr. Black said that he was busy.
變化規(guī)則
(一)陳述句的變化規(guī)則
直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，用連詞that(可省略)引導(dǎo)，從句中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語都要發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化。
人稱的變化——人稱的變化主要是要理解句子的意思
例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.” → He said that he liked it very much.
2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.”
→ He told me that he had left his book in my room.
時態(tài)的變化
直接引語 | 間接引語 |
一般現(xiàn)在時 | 一般過去時 |
現(xiàn)在進行時 | 過去進行時 |
現(xiàn)在完成時 | 過去完成時 |
一般過去時 | 過去完成時 |
一般將來時 | 過去將來時 |
過去完成時 | 過去完成時 |
例：
“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary,” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
The boy said, “I’m using a knife.”
→ The boy said that he was using a knife.
▲注意：如果直接引語是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變，如：
He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和動詞的變化
直接引語 | 間接引語 |
this | that |
these | those |
now | then |
ago | before/earlier |
today | that day |
yesterday | the day before |
tomorrow | the next/following day |
the day after tomorrow | In two day’s time |
come | go |
here | there |
the day before yesterday | two days before/earlier |
(二) 祈使句的變化規(guī)則
如果直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要將祈使句的動詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并根據(jù)句子意思在不定式前加上tell/ask/order等動詞，如果祈使句是否定句，在不定式前面還要加上not。例：
The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”
→ The hostess asked us to sit down.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→ He told the boys not to make so much noise.
(三)疑問句的變化規(guī)則
如果直接引語是疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時要把疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序，句末用句號。
一般疑問句：如果直接引語是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，謂語動詞是say或said時，要改為 ask 或asked,原問句變?yōu)橛蒳f/whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例:
“Do you think a diary can become your friend?” the writer says.
→ The writer asks us if we think a diary can become our friend.
2) 特殊疑問句：如果間接引語是特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，仍用原來的引導(dǎo)詞，但疑問句要變?yōu)殛愂鼍?。例?/p>
“What do you want?” he asked me.
→ He asked me what I wanted
Unit two English around the world
一、重點短語
1. be different from 與…不同
be the same as 與…一樣
2. one another 相互，彼此(=each other)
3. official language 官方語言
4. at the end of 在…結(jié)束時
5. because of 因為(后接名詞或名詞性短語)
because 因為(后接句子)
6. native speakers 說母語的人
7. be based on 根據(jù)，依據(jù)
8. at present 目前;當今
9. especially 特別，尤其
specially 專門地
10. make use of 利用…
make the best of 充分利用…
11. a large number of 大量的，很多(作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù))
the number of …的數(shù)量(作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù))
12. in fact = actually= as a matter of fact 事實上
13. believe it or not 信不信由你
14. there is no such thing as… 沒有這樣的事…
15. be expected to …被期待做某事
16. play a part/role in … 在…起作用
17. make lists of…列清單
18. included 包括(前面接包括的對象)
Including包括(后接包括的對象)
19. command sb. to do sth. 命令某人去做某事
command + that 從句(從句用should+V原)
20. request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
request + that 從句(從句用should+V原)
二、語法----英語中的命令(command)語氣和請求(request)語氣
命令語氣：表示直接命令某人做某事，語氣比較重，不怎么禮貌，一般用于上級對下級
例：1. “ Look at the example”, the teacher said to us.
2. Open the window!
請求語氣：表示請求某人做某事，語氣比較緩和，非常禮貌
例：1. “ Would you like to see my flat?” She asked.
2. Would you please open the window?
Unit 3 Travel journal
一、重點短語
1. travel----泛指旅行
journey----指長時間長距離的陸上旅行
voyage----指長距離的水上旅行，也可以指乘飛機旅行
trip----常指短時間短距離的旅行
tour----指周游，巡回旅游，
2. prefer to 更加喜歡，寧愿
prefer A to B 比起B(yǎng)，更喜歡A
prefer doing to doing 比起做…，寧愿做…
prefer to do rather than do 與其做…, 不如…
3. flow through 流過，流經(jīng)
4. ever since 自從
5. persuade sb. to do sth. 說服某人做某事
6. be fond of 喜歡
7. insist on doing 堅持做某事
insist + that 從句(用should+ V原)
8. care about 關(guān)心
9. change one’s mind 改變想法
10. altitude 高度
attitude 態(tài)度，看法
11. make up one’s mind to do下定決心做某事
= decide to do = make a decision to do
12. give in 讓步，屈服
give up 放棄
13. be surprised to … 對…感到驚奇
to one’s surprise 令某人驚訝的是…
14. at last = finally = in the end 最終
15. stop to do 停下來去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
16. as usual 像往常一樣
17. so…that 如此… 以至于…
So + adj + a/an + n. + that
Such + a/an +adj. + n. + that
18. be familiar with 對…熟悉(人作主語)
be familiar to 為…所熟悉(物作主語)
二、語法:現(xiàn)在進行時表將來
現(xiàn)在進行時表將來，表示最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作，常見的現(xiàn)在進行時表將來的動詞有：come/ go / leave/ arrive / travel / take / stay/ do等.
例：1. I’m coming. 我就來
2. what are you doing next Sunday ? 你下個星期天做什么?
3. I hear that you are travelling along Mekong River. 我聽說你將沿湄公河旅行
4. Where are you staying at night? 你們晚上待在哪里/
Unit four Earthquakes
一、重點短語
1. right away 立刻，馬上(= at once = in no time)
2. asleep 睡著的;熟睡地(fall asleep 入睡)
sleep 睡;睡眠
sleepy 犯困的
3. it seems that/ as if … 看來好像… ;似乎
4. in ruins 成為廢墟
5. the number of …的數(shù)量(謂語動詞用單數(shù))
a number of 大量(謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù))
6. rescue workers 營救人員
Come to one’s rescue 營救某人
7. be trapped 被困
8. how long 多長時間
how often 多久，指平率
how soon 還要多久(用于將來時當中，用in+時間段回答)
9. hundreds of thousands of 成千上萬的
10. dig out 挖出
11. shake----泛指“動搖，震動”,常指左右、上下動搖，也可以指人“震驚，顫抖”
例：1. She felt the earth shaking under him.
2. She was shaken with anger.
quake---- 指較強烈的震動，如地震
例: The building quaked on its foundation
Tremble---- 指人由于寒冷、恐懼、不安等引起的身體的抖動或聲音的顫抖
例：Suddenly I saw her lips begin to tremble and tears begin to flow down her cheeks.
Shiver---- 多指寒冷引起的顫抖、哆嗦
例：A sudden gust of cold wind made me shiver.
12. rise (rose—risen)---- vi, 上升;升起， 無被動語態(tài);give rise to 引起
Raise(raised—raised)---- vt, 舉起;籌集;養(yǎng)育
Arise ( arose—arisen)----vt, 出現(xiàn)(常指問題或現(xiàn)象)
13. injure---- 常指因意外事故造成的損傷，也可以指感情上名譽上的傷害
例：He was injured in a car accident.
harm---- 泛指“傷害，損害”，既可以指有生命的，也可以指無生命的
例：1. He was afraid that his fury would harm the child.
2. His business was harmed for some reason.
hurt---- 既可以指肉體上的傷害，也可以指精神上的傷害
例：1. She hurt her leg when she fell.
2. He felt hurt at your word.
wound---- 一般指槍傷、刀傷等在戰(zhàn)場上受的傷
例：The bullet wounded him in the arm.
14. be prepared for …= make preparations for… 為…做準備
15. in one’s honor 向…表示敬意;為紀念
Be/ feel honored to do … 做…感到很榮幸
16. make /give/ deliver a speech 發(fā)言
opening speech 開幕詞
17. give/ provide shelter to …向…提供庇護所
seek shelter from…躲避
18. happen to + n./ pron. 遭遇，發(fā)生
happen to do sth. 偶然;碰巧
happen ----指偶然發(fā)生
take place----指事先計劃好的事情發(fā)生
二、語法----定語從句
概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。
成分：先行詞，即被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞;關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who(賓格為whom,所有格為whose);或者關(guān)系副詞where，when，why等。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞處在先行詞和定語從句之間，起著連接主從句的作用。
1. 關(guān)系代詞that的用法
關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中既能指人，也能指物;既能做主語，也能做賓語
例：1)A plane is a machine that can fly. (指物，作主語)
2)The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. (指物，作賓語)
3)Who is the man that is reading a book over there? (指人，作主語)
4)The girl (that) we saw yesterday was Jim’s sister,(指人，作賓語)
2. 關(guān)系代詞which的用法
關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中只能指物，但既可以做賓語也能作主語
例：1)They planted some trees which didn’t need much water. (作主語)
2)The fish (which) we bought this morning were not fresh. (作賓語)
3. 關(guān)系代詞who，whom的用法
關(guān)系代詞who,whom 只能指人，在定語從句中分別作主語和賓語
例：1)The foreigner who helped us yesterday is from USA.(作主語)
2)The person to whom you just talked to is Mr. Li. (作賓語)、
4. 關(guān)系代詞whose在的用法
關(guān)系代詞whose為關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，其先行詞既可以是人也可以是物，whose和它所修飾的名詞在定語從句中既可以做主語也可以做賓語。
例：1)This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world. (指人，作主語)
2) The room whose window faces south is mine. (指物，作主語)
3)He has written a book whose name I’ve forgotten. (指物，作賓語)
5. 關(guān)系副詞when的用法
關(guān)系副詞when在定語從句中作時間狀語
例：1)I’ll never forget the time when (=during which) we worked on the farm.
2) Do you remember the afternoon when (=on which) we first met three years ago?
6. 關(guān)系副詞where在定語從句中的用法
關(guān)系副詞where在定語從句中做地點狀語
例：1)This is the place where( =at/ in which) we first met.
2) The hotel where (= in which ) we stayed wasn’t very clean.
7. 關(guān)系副詞why在定語從句中的用法
關(guān)系副詞why在定語從句中作原因狀語
例: 1). I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason why(= for which) I left.
2). The reason why (=for which) he has late was that he missed the train.
Unit 5 Nelson Mandela – a modern hero
一、重點詞匯
1. selfish 自私的
selfless 無私的
2. devote oneself to… 致力于;獻身于
3. fight against 對抗，反對
fight for 為… 而戰(zhàn)
4. principle 原則
principal 校長;主要的
5. offer guidance to …給…提供指導(dǎo)
6. out of work 失業(yè)
7. join 加入(組織，俱樂部，成為其中一員)
join in 參加(活動)
take part in 參加(活動)
8. as + adj +as one can 盡可能…
= as + adj. +as possible
9. as a matter of fact 事實上(=in fact)
10. blow up 爆炸，炸掉
11. set up 建立 ; set about 著手，開始做( set about doing sth.)
set off 出發(fā)，動身 ; set out 開始，出發(fā)(set out to do sth.)
12. be sentenced to 被判…
13. be equal to 與…相等;勝任
14. be proud of 為…感到自豪
15. give out 分發(fā) (give off 散發(fā)出(氣味))
16. die for 為…而死
die of 死于(自身原因，如疾病)
die from 死于(外在原因，如車禍)
17. realize one’s dream of … 實現(xiàn)..的夢想
18. only 位于句首時，要主謂倒裝
例：Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
Only in this way, can we protect the environment better.
二.語法----定語從句
詳見第四單元
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