初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)
初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)數(shù)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且已經(jīng)完成,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,可能持續(xù)發(fā)生下去。在英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)中,“時(shí)“指動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,”態(tài)“指動(dòng)作的樣子和狀態(tài)。接下來(lái)小編為大家介紹初一英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,一起來(lái)看看吧!
初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)
一、概念:過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)
二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法之常用詞語(yǔ):
能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用詞語(yǔ)很多,如副詞just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等,但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子:(1) since(自從):不管用作介詞、連詞還是副詞, 句子(主句)謂語(yǔ)通常都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
I haven’t seen her since last week. 自上周以來(lái)我一直未見(jiàn)過(guò)她。
Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次見(jiàn)到你之后你到哪里去了?
【注】有時(shí)可用其他時(shí)態(tài)的情況,但須注意:
?、?對(duì)于某些表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(如 seem 等),或因語(yǔ)義等方面的原因,有時(shí)可能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)更合適:
It seems like years since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見(jiàn)面了。
Since when does the plus service charge come to ? 從什么什候開(kāi)始42元加5元的服務(wù)費(fèi)等于48元了?
② 若不是指從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,而是指從較遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去持續(xù)到在一個(gè)較近的過(guò)去,則用過(guò)去完成時(shí):
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來(lái)他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西)
?、?表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí),通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
It’s ten years since he left here. 他離開(kāi)這兒已10年了。(2) so far (到目前為止):
So far there has been no bad news. 到現(xiàn)在為止還沒(méi)有什么壞消息。
We haven’t had any trouble so far. 到目前為止,我們還沒(méi)有遇到任何麻煩。
(3) in [for, during] the past [last] … years(在過(guò)去…年中):
In the past two years I’ve seen him little. 過(guò)去兩年我很少見(jiàn)到他。
I have been here (for) the last [past] month. 最近一個(gè)月里我都在這兒。
【注】在一定的上下文里,若是以過(guò)去時(shí)間為起點(diǎn),也可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。(4) up to [until] now(到現(xiàn)在為止):
Up to now, the work has been easy. 到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。
I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到現(xiàn)在為止我還沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到他一點(diǎn)音信。(5) It’s [will be] the first time that…(第一次…):
It’s the first time I’ve come here. 這是我第一次來(lái)這兒。
Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public. 別忘了,這是我第一次在公共場(chǎng)合發(fā)言。
三、基本結(jié)構(gòu):have/has + done
否定形式:have/has + not +d one.
一般疑問(wèn)句:have或has開(kāi)頭+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。
例:I have seen the film already. 我已經(jīng)看過(guò)那部電影了。(現(xiàn)在我知道電影的內(nèi)容了。)
Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了嗎? (你知道它在哪里? )
She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已當(dāng)了十年的舞蹈演員了。
We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 過(guò)去幾年我們種了成千上萬(wàn)棵樹(shù)。
四、基本用法
對(duì)于初接觸現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的人來(lái)說(shuō),往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種茫然,因?yàn)樗坪跖c一般過(guò)去時(shí)相似。那就是,這兩種時(shí)態(tài)描述的動(dòng)作都始于過(guò)去。其實(shí)不然,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要表示,發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在剛剛完成、或許還要延續(xù);側(cè)重于這個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在帶來(lái)的結(jié)果、產(chǎn)生的影響、積累的總和等等。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則只不過(guò)是表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的什么時(shí)候。弄清了這一區(qū)別,就很容易理解現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)了。它主要適用于下面的幾種情況:
1)表示截止現(xiàn)在業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作
By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到現(xiàn)在為止,我已收集到了我所需的全部資料。
She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150頁(yè)。
We haven't met for many years .我們已多年沒(méi)見(jiàn)了。
They have developed a new product .他們研制成功了一種新產(chǎn)品。
2)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去而對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響、帶來(lái)結(jié)果的動(dòng)作
Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚飯了嗎?
She has been to the United States. 她已去美國(guó)了。
You have grown much taller.你長(zhǎng)高了許多。
3)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并可能還要延續(xù)
It has been five years since he joined the army .他參軍五年了。
They have learned English for eight years .他們已學(xué)了八年的英語(yǔ)了。
So far we've only discussed the first five chapters.至今我們還只討論了前五章。
幾點(diǎn)注意:
1)一個(gè)句子應(yīng)該用什么時(shí)態(tài)只能取決于它需要表達(dá)的意思,以及它所處的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。例如:
He speaks English .(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的經(jīng)常性。)
He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .(一般過(guò)去時(shí),說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。)
He is speaking English.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),說(shuō)明動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。)
He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),這里說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的總和。)
He has been speaking English since he came to the USA. (現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。)
2)在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般將來(lái)時(shí),那么從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí);如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞數(shù)去將來(lái)時(shí),那么從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
例如:I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.
I would not play tennis if it rained the next day.
3) 有些動(dòng)詞表示無(wú)法持續(xù)的動(dòng)作,它們一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。
Be動(dòng)詞若是用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),可表示暫時(shí)、短暫的情況或表現(xiàn)。例如:
Tom is being a good boy today .湯姆今天很乖。
He is being childish .他這樣做是耍孩子氣。
You are not being modest .你這樣說(shuō)不太謙虛。
4)關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)問(wèn)題
A. 凡是"完成時(shí)態(tài)"都表示,不知道也不管動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間, 所以在使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里,不可以帶有表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),如:yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等;但常和有些副詞連用,如: just , before , already , often , never , ever , not…yet , always等等。
B. 在以when提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)中不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。另外,ago不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里,因?yàn)樗硎緩默F(xiàn)在算起的以前某個(gè)時(shí)間,屬于表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。但是可以用before 來(lái)表示"以前"的意義,因?yàn)樗槐硎?quot;以前",而不知什么時(shí)候的以前。
C. 如果是不表示連續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子,不可以和以for表示的"一段時(shí)間"的狀語(yǔ)連用。在這種情況下,應(yīng)該用"It has been … ;since…"的句式來(lái)表達(dá)。如:
He has joined the army for five years. (錯(cuò)誤)
It has been five years since he joined the army.(正確)
練習(xí):
一、單項(xiàng)選擇
1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they ______what's happened to him .
A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
A. already B.never C.ever D. still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______?
A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
5、-Our country ______ a lot so far .
-Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good
C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was ; studying B. will ; study
C. has ; studied D. are ; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see
9、-These farmers have been to the United States .
-Really ? When _____ there ?
A. will they go B. did they go
C. do they go D. have they gone
10、-______ you ___ your homework yet ?
-Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished
C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish
11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in
12、-Do you know him well ?
- Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
13、—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .
A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived
14、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been
15、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
A. have been in B. have been to
C. have gone to D. have been
16、The students have cleaned the classroom, ______?
A. so they B. don't they C. have they D. haven't they
17、______has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he______to China?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrive
二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換
1、The old man _________ last year. He __________ for a year. (die) (動(dòng)詞填空)
2、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)
This factory ______________ for twenty years.
3、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)
Miss Gao ________ _______ since an hour ago.
4、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同義句)
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________
5、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子)
___________________________________________ 三、漢譯英
4、 她還沒(méi)有看過(guò)那部新電影。
5、 她去過(guò)上海。
6、 他這些天上哪兒去了?
初中英語(yǔ)高效學(xué)習(xí)方法
一、預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)法
首先對(duì)單詞進(jìn)行預(yù)習(xí)。預(yù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)單詞時(shí),我們要掌握詞義、詞性以及讀音,課本上的黑體單詞(重點(diǎn)部分)要會(huì)拼寫,還要拼寫正確。其次是預(yù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)課文。同學(xué)們?cè)陬A(yù)習(xí)單詞的時(shí)候,可以聽(tīng)?zhēng)妆檎n文的錄音, 一開(kāi)始聽(tīng)不明白也不打緊, 認(rèn)真閱讀幾遍,把沒(méi)聽(tīng)懂的地方標(biāo)注一下再聽(tīng)一遍,這樣反復(fù)幾次再去細(xì)心研究課文,找出課文中的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。 帶著問(wèn)題去聽(tīng)課你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)效率比平時(shí)高很多。 最后是課本后練習(xí)題的預(yù)習(xí)。我們可以利用課前幾分鐘的時(shí)間思考一下問(wèn)題,做到心中有數(shù)。
二、課堂學(xué)習(xí)法
學(xué)生能否學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵就在于這課上45分鐘的利用。那么如何提高自己上課的效率呢?首先對(duì)于聽(tīng)講,同學(xué)們必須有一個(gè)目標(biāo),必須保證一上課就快速進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。充分調(diào)動(dòng)自己的感官,做到眼、耳、心、手并用。學(xué)會(huì)處理好聽(tīng)與記的關(guān)系也很重要:既要記下老師的板書(shū)又要時(shí)刻跟住老師的思路。這里就要要求大家普鍛煉自己的瞬間記憶能力,當(dāng)接觸到該記憶的內(nèi)容時(shí),應(yīng)通過(guò)眼看、耳聽(tīng)、口念,將其迅速輸入到記憶中樞,然后再?gòu)?fù)現(xiàn)出它的形象。在復(fù)現(xiàn)時(shí)快速用手指在桌上劃出這個(gè)單詞,或一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句中最難記的或最重要的單飼,強(qiáng)迫自己在課內(nèi)就能記住這節(jié)課最重要的東西。這樣,使自己真正有著“這節(jié)課確實(shí)學(xué)到不少東西”的踏實(shí)感、成功感,進(jìn)而激發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),提高興趣,更有信心地去繼續(xù)今后的學(xué)習(xí)。
三、日常學(xué)習(xí)法
為自己制定長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)是我們?nèi)粘P枰龅墓ぷ?。根?jù)不同的學(xué)習(xí)階段和自身情況制定一個(gè)相對(duì)有難度但又不會(huì)完全達(dá)不到的目標(biāo)。有了這個(gè)目標(biāo)我們就會(huì)更有學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力,渾身充滿責(zé)任感、緊迫感,好像有什么在督促著我們。除此之外我們還要制定每堂課的小目標(biāo),這樣在每堂課開(kāi)始的時(shí)候,因?yàn)橛心繕?biāo)的激勵(lì)使大腦處于興奮狀態(tài),幫助我們高效的聽(tīng)講。此外,多爭(zhēng)取練習(xí)英語(yǔ)的機(jī)會(huì)也是極好的。交際能力只有在交際中才能被有效的培養(yǎng)出來(lái)。不要怕說(shuō)錯(cuò)被別人譏笑,本事學(xué)到自己身上才是硬道理。
四、積累學(xué)習(xí)法
知識(shí)的累積是個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)上,我們要積累大量詞匯和語(yǔ)法。教材中的每個(gè)單元分Section A , Section B 以及Self check 三部分,其中Section B的3a環(huán)節(jié)是本單元主要詞匯和語(yǔ)法以及交際項(xiàng)目的具體體現(xiàn),也是各單元必背內(nèi)容。堅(jiān)持背誦,同學(xué)們就能自然地使用所學(xué)習(xí)詞匯來(lái)表達(dá)思想感情,從而達(dá)到學(xué)以致用的效果。語(yǔ)法的積累要以句為練習(xí)單位。多閱讀文章培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感,注意體會(huì)文章里自己學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。相信你的英語(yǔ)能力必定更上一層樓。
五、復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)法
復(fù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)之母。要及時(shí)、經(jīng)常、科學(xué)地復(fù)習(xí),減少遺忘。“艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線”揭示遺忘規(guī)律是先快后慢,先多后少。整理課堂筆記就是復(fù)習(xí)的一種方式。在此過(guò)程中,學(xué)生再次回顧課堂上的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容加深了對(duì)知識(shí)的印象。另外可以準(zhǔn)備改錯(cuò)本。同學(xué)們把每次做錯(cuò)的習(xí)題整理在錯(cuò)題本上,并對(duì)出錯(cuò)的原因進(jìn)行分析、總結(jié),可以避免下次再犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。還能養(yǎng)成做題時(shí)認(rèn)真思考的習(xí)慣。英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)十分紛繁瑣碎, 同學(xué)會(huì)覺(jué)得無(wú)從下手。小喜鵲認(rèn)為要經(jīng)常歸納整理, 把所學(xué)的新知識(shí)融入自己原有的知識(shí)體系中,使之渾然一體,這樣形成的知識(shí)才不 “脫落”,而且經(jīng)久不忘。這就要求同學(xué)們做學(xué)習(xí)的有心人,及時(shí)歸納整理相關(guān)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
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