考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解考試真題
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解考試真題
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考研英語(yǔ)閱讀原文
Come on--Everybody's doing it.
That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.
It usually leads to no good--drinking, drugs and casual sex.
But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,
in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action:
In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.
In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.
Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on:
they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.
"Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.
Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.
Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail
and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.
The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long.
Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.
Evidence that the Love Life program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.
An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits--as well as negative ones
spread through networks of friends via social communication.
This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.
It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.
The tactic never really works.
And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:
in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀翻譯
趕緊加入吧，每個(gè)人都在這樣做呢。
當(dāng)聽(tīng)到“同儕壓力”這個(gè)詞時(shí)，我們大部分人想到的便是這句半是邀請(qǐng)半是強(qiáng)迫的耳語(yǔ)。
往往地，它帶來(lái)的絕非好事——酗酒、吸毒和濫交。
但在蒂娜·羅森伯格的新書(shū)《加入俱樂(lè)部》中，她認(rèn)為同儕壓力通過(guò)她所倡導(dǎo)的“社會(huì)治療”，
也能夠成為一種積極的力量。在這種“社會(huì)治療”中，組織和官員使用團(tuán)體動(dòng)態(tài)的力量來(lái)幫助個(gè)人改善生活，甚至改進(jìn)整個(gè)世界。
普利策獎(jiǎng)得主Rosenberg提供了很多進(jìn)行中的“社會(huì)治療”實(shí)例：
在南卡羅來(lái)納州，一場(chǎng)由政府資助的稱(chēng)之為“怒對(duì)陰霾”的禁煙運(yùn)動(dòng)使得香煙變得很遜。
在南非，一場(chǎng)名為“熱愛(ài)生命”的HIV預(yù)防倡議活動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)招募年輕人在其同輩中推廣安全性行為。
這個(gè)想法看起來(lái)大有前途，Rosenberg確實(shí)是一位有洞察力的觀察者。
她對(duì)公眾健康運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷的批評(píng)很精準(zhǔn)：
他們沒(méi)能調(diào)動(dòng)同儕壓力對(duì)于健康習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成，同時(shí)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)心理學(xué)認(rèn)知的嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。
一個(gè)旨在減少年輕人--最渴望融入的年輕人--吸煙運(yùn)動(dòng)的廣告牌上寫(xiě)道：“敢于與眾不同，請(qǐng)勿吸煙”。
Rosenberg認(rèn)為，公共健康倡議者應(yīng)當(dāng)向善于運(yùn)用同儕壓力的廣告人汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這一點(diǎn)是令人信服。
但是，就社會(huì)治療的整體效果來(lái)看，Rosenberg的說(shuō)法似乎不那么有說(shuō)服力。
《加入俱樂(lè)部》有太多無(wú)關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，
卻沒(méi)有充分探索那些使得同儕壓力如此強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)和生物因素。
書(shū)中反應(yīng)出了“社會(huì)治療”最明顯的缺陷：它的作用不會(huì)很長(zhǎng)久。
政府資金一旦削減，“怒對(duì)煙霧”運(yùn)動(dòng)立馬失敗了。
支持‘熱愛(ài)生命’運(yùn)動(dòng)能產(chǎn)生持續(xù)影響的證據(jù)有限，且毀譽(yù)參半。
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，同伴群體對(duì)于我們行為施以重大影響。
目前不斷涌現(xiàn)出研究表明，積極的健康習(xí)慣--連同消極習(xí)慣，
通過(guò)社交在朋友圈中得以傳播。
這也是一種微妙的同儕壓力：我們無(wú)意識(shí)地模仿每天所看到的行為。
然而很難做出定論的是，專(zhuān)家們和官員們究竟能在多大程度上成功地選擇我們的同伴群體并將其行為引向道德方。
正如教師們把后排的搗蛋鬼們拆開(kāi)，和前排的好學(xué)生搭配坐。
這種策略也從未奏效過(guò)。
這就是來(lái)自外部的“社會(huì)治療”存在的問(wèn)題：
就像在學(xué)校里一樣，在現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中，我們堅(jiān)持選擇我們真正的朋友。
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀詞語(yǔ)解析
tactic['tæktik]n. 戰(zhàn)略，策略 adj. 戰(zhàn)術(shù)的，有策略的
pressure['preʃə]n. 壓力，壓強(qiáng)，壓迫 v. 施壓
emerging[i'mə:dʒ]vi. 浮現(xiàn)，(由某種狀態(tài))脫出，(事實(shí))顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)
initiative[i'niʃətiv]adj. 創(chuàng)始的，初步的，自發(fā)的 n. 第一步
spread[spred]v. 伸展，展開(kāi)，傳播，散布，鋪開(kāi)，涂撒
irrelevant[i'relivənt]adj. 不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，無(wú)關(guān)系的，不相干的
recipient[ri'sipiənt]n. 接受者，收信人
subtle['sʌtl]adj. 微妙的，敏感的，精細(xì)的，狡詐的，不明顯的
evidence['evidəns]n. 根據(jù)，證據(jù) v. 證實(shí)，證明
lasting['læstiŋ]adj. 永久的，永恒的
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