林則徐簡(jiǎn)介英語(yǔ)
林則徐簡(jiǎn)介英語(yǔ)
林則徐,清朝道光時(shí)期大臣、民族英雄，清朝時(shí)期的政治家、思想家和詩(shī)人，官至一品，下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理的林則徐簡(jiǎn)介英語(yǔ)，希望對(duì)你有用!
林則徐簡(jiǎn)介
Lin Zexu (August 30, 1785 - November 22, 1850), Fujian Province, Hou Guan (now Fuzhou city) people, the characters ask, and the word less Mu, Shi Lin, late late village old, The Qing dynasty, politicians, thinkers and poets, officials to a product, served as governor of Huguang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu and governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, twice appointed imperial envoy ; Because of its claim is strictly prohibited opium, in China, "national hero" reputation.
In 1839, Lin Zexu in Guangdong when the ban on smoking, sent people to unannounced visits, forced foreign opium traders to surrender opium, and confiscated opium in June 3, 1839 in Humen destroyed. Humen has made the Sino-British relations extremely tense, becoming the first opium war, the British invasion of China's excuse.
Although Lin Zexu's life against the Western invasion, but for the Western culture, technology and trade are open attitude, advocate learn its excellent and use. According to the literature, he at least slightly through the British and Portuguese two foreign languages, and efforts to translate Western newspapers and books. The late Qing thinker Wei Yuan will Lin Zexu and the staff of the translation of the instrument compiled as "sea map", this book on the late Qing Dynasty Westernization Movement and even Japan's Meiji Restoration are inspired.
November 22, 1850, Lin Zexu died in the old town of Puning.
林則徐人物生平
Poor childhood
Lin Zexu's father Lin Bin, formerly known as Lin Tianhan, the word Meng Yang, No. Yang Valley, Jiaqing Hou Guangong tribute students, is the local teacher, in the neighborhood of Roche opened a book private school. And Lin Zexu's mother Chen Zhi, for the Minxian County, the first daughter of Chen Shengling. Lin Bin Ri Chen Zhi couple a total of eleven children: the eldest son of Lin Minghe (early Yao), the second son of Lin Zexu, three children Lin Peilin and eight daughters.
Although Lin Bin for the private school teachers, in the scholar and then receive public food. But the family population, monks and more porridge, and even three meals are unsustainable. Lin mother Chen Zhi conceal her husband, secretly to female red this technology to help family plan, she also this paper-cut craft pass in her daughter, in order to maintain family life. Later, Lin Zexu in his essay, "first 妣 things slightly" in the recall: "over the years, the family of school enrollment, whirlpool." Since then, although the valley is slightly charged, and the index finger gradually, And the good color for the vegetation of the flower. Large into a tree, its small as a stem and a leaf, are Zhuo Zhuo business. Years can be easy to money dozens of cord, then the value of its value to Za Jiu. Are the first kind of Ci, prepared by its wonderful. Filial piety with the family of the private school, every night to return, then the spacious walls, short a few 檠, reading in Sri Lanka, female red also in Sri Lanka. And the first rate of the sister of the diligent work, often missed the chicken woo has not fake sleep. Other hardships of the type of non-constant can be worthy of those who do not know the ugly, please surrender or push the diet, "The family is not used to do it, but Lin Zexu every day before the book private school, will be the first to be the first time, For the mother and sister crafts to get the shop consignment, after school, then go to the store money back to the mother. Poor childhood and strict tutor, so that he will rise to the top officials in the future to keep the habit of frugality and the people suffering from style.
Lin Zexu childhood family cold bitter, but he was enlightened father taught, there is a warm family, childhood is very happy. Neighbors often hear Lin laugh when eating, look under, but more than a dozen people rush to eat tofu. Later, Lin to this matter to teach children and grandchildren contentment.
Juvenile enlightenment
Although Lin Zexu family cold bitter, but Lin Bin is very important to education. At the age of four, his father Lin Bin has brought him into the private school, taught to Xiao word. Seven years old, has been skilled style, at the time it is very early thing. As Lin Bin day childhood poverty, to thirteen years old into the book private school, often students laugh at, as to avoid the fate of his son and his own, teaching and carrying him into the private school, hold on the knee, together to listen to.
Lin Bin-day teaching method is different from the general teaching gentleman, education attitude is both exquisite and enlightened. He is not only the pursuit of knowledge, but also focus on character cultivation; do not die, not for corporal punishment, follow suit, so that students step by step, individualized. In his fifty years of teaching, in the move or admitted to the Jinshi as many as dozens of people, the most outstanding or son Lin Zexu, he eight or nine years old, in the school to write the "sea to the boundless days He was called Lin Zexu change the industry, but Lin Bin is not allowed, he thought his son will be in the future will be meteoric rise, but also in the future, Name on profit.
Lin Zexu twelve years old, Confucius Temple called Tongsheng Ren students, after a round of selection, Lin Zexu was elected Ren Sheng, for the ritual music and dance staff.
Aofeng College is the highest institution in Fujian at that time, into the college are not generals. Dean is dare to contempt and Shen, straight educator Zheng Guang policy. Under the guidance of Zhengguang policy, Lin Zexu concentrate on learning, write a reading notes "cloud left mountain house miscellany", will be adopted together by the philosophers.
During the enrollment, Lin Zexu through his father to meet the sinologist Chen Shouqi. Chen Shouqi people cynical, the reality of social problems and bureaucratic have a profound thinking. He thought by the world when the law of Lin Zexu have subtle influence. And he also admitted at the same time Zheng Guang policy son Liang Zhang giant. When the two have been very frequent exchanges, coupled with Liang Zhang Ju has long been accepted Zheng Guang policy "by the world with the" school, deepen Lin Zexu "practical use" of the idea, the two also set a "national salvation" of the blog.
In the family
Yongcheng County, Henan Province, county magistrate Zheng Da-fan met Lin Zexu, his wise to stay on the heart of thinking, that this sub-will become an organ.
Jiaqing nine years (1804), Lin Zexu to participate in the township test, the twenty-ninth lifts. In the announcement of the results of the day, he officially married Zheng Shuqing wife, at that time, the Jinshi door of the birth of Zheng daughter to marry the family of cold Lin Jiaxiu, is a rare thing. Since then Lin Zexu in the world did not pass the concubine paternity, the end of his life deep and unyielding (according to Lin Zexu long room later Lin Honghan said, Zheng Shuqing died after Lin Zexu continued to marry). After the death of Lin Zexu, Tongzhi to Guangxu years, the British Madame Tussauds Wax Museum specifically for Lin Zexu Zheng Shuqing couple made wax, as a few long-term display of celebrity wax, to watch the table.
At the end of the year, the newlyweds of Lin Erxu left his family to attend the exam, but the name of Sun Shan. After returning home in Fuzhou North Lane Lane opened "fill Mei House" class apprentice, waiting for the next test.
Official road
Beginning career
Jiaqing eleven years (1806), Lin Zexu as Xiamen coastal defense with the secretary, responsible for dealing with traders from foreign ships, rice grain royalties records. At that time, the smuggling of opium in Xiamen was serious, and all of them were corrupt officials, and foreign bribery was smuggling. Lin Zexu aware of the opium problem, smuggling tricks, open horizons. In his tenure he was Ting Zhang Long Road Baoling and Fujian governor Zhang Shicheng appreciation, Zhang Shicheng recruit him into his own staff.
Zhang Shicheng why choose Lin Zexu for the staff of the argument is different, in accordance with the legend of Lin family descendants, Zhang Shicheng read around to submit to his He Qi, Lin Zexu found He Qi write the best. At that time when the New Year's Eve, according to the practice of officials around the emperor was a compromise. So Zhang will be called on behalf of the forest on behalf of the grass, on the way many make things difficult, all night in his home with burst firecrackers, but also change thanks, to re-copy the forest again. Zhang Shicheng observed Lin Zexu's cultivation and attitude, saw him seriously transcribe it again, very much appreciate his character and talent, asked him to be incorporated into the staff.
Zhang Shicheng bit great people, on the Code and other political issues are known, he will own business knowledge, power to teach one by one to Lin Zexu, even in Jiaqing fourteen years in August (September 1809), the suppression of pirates Cai also accompanied by the past, so that Lin Zexu indirectly involved in the suppression. Zhang Shicheng later praised Lin Zexu: "is also a servant, the lord is to see the more than the suppression of the labor, Qian said that the first non-first beheaded, flying Xi war, may not be so fast."
At the end of the same year, Zhang Shicheng recommended Lin Zexu father Lin Bin for the music is the chair of the Academy, Lin family economy to change. After Lin Zexu in this year to participate in Yanjing will try, but unfortunately still down, he still stay in Zhang Shicheng shogun when the staff. Until Jiaqing sixteen years (1811), 26-year-old Lin Zexu went to Beijing to test, the palace of the second highest in the second armor, selected as Shu Ji Shi, granted Han Lin editing, from the official step on the way
Ren Shuji Shi
Jiaqing eighteen years in May on the ninth day (1813), Lin Zexu into the Imperial Academy of the common room Ren Shu Ji Shi. In September the same year in September seventh (September 30, 1813), Catholic Church uprising, believers attack directly to the capital, Lin Zexu witnessed the situation, he later book "Qiang Lie Lie public ink", to commemorate the then convicted of the county people Kejie.
Lin Zexu spent five years in the Imperial Academy, was sent to work in different places, but still insignificant Xiao Jing Guan. Seven years later, his children were born. Jiaqing nine years (1814) the first month of the fourth day, the eldest son of Lin Ru Zhou was born; the second son of Lin Qiubai was born three days and the war; later eldest daughter Lin Dan Tan, second female Lin Jinluuan (after death) was born, single more than two hundred and twenty silver , Is not enough to meet family expenses. Only in the book in the book to teach, or consignment of their own calligraphy works to help home. During the Imperial Academy, he was the book of the economy, "North straight water".
Lin Zexu is not good social, but he joined the Jiaying nineteen years by the status of the Beijing government is not high composition of the Xuannan poetry society, make Huang Jue Zi, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan and others, Lin Zexu become their leader.
Anger
Jiaqing Xu left the Hanlin Institute, to Jiangxi Nanchang any examiner, his father Lin Bin days that the matter, because of their own past experience, specifically to the letter Son, son to carefully selected talent. Lin Zexu after many times during the examiner, are fair and serious work, so among the scholars won a good reputation, and even fell to the candidates are sent to Lin Zexu discussion to ask. Lin Zexu later described his attitude to the examiner's work: "Xu Code test Jiangxi, Fu Jun from the house in the field, times the name of the difficulties, repeated the letter when the prudent caution. Has been recommended volume, the first three Art through the reading in the end, then articles review; not recommended volume, will also be a volume of Zhu pen approved point.
Lin Zexu so attention to the imperial examinations, but his friends Gong Zizhen and Wei Yuan insight into the seriousness of the imperial examination, that the imperial examination is the burial and destruction of talent, so the matter was controversial.
Jiaqing twenty-five years (1820) in February, Lin Zexu Ren Jiangnan Road to monitor the censor, Henan South Bank embankment gap, Henan governor Qi Shan work ineffective, causing floods, Lin Zexu fear Qi Shan Manchu aristocratic background, Straight play Qi good incompetence. He is honest, not afraid of power, acting bold, not fake, leading colleagues to suspicion, cynicism, Lin Zexu bored for officialdom.
Daoguang the first year (1821), Lin Bin day of illness, Lin Zexu to the father of the resignation of his father. Returned to his hometown by boat, his wife Zheng Shuqing gave birth to three women on the boat Linqing, returned to Fuzhou, Lin Bin was sick.
Reinstatement
Lin Bin Ri Chen Zhi couple and his hometown folks are very opposed to the decision of Lin Zexu resignation, but also in his hometown also do not know what skills to survive, only reluctant to wait for officialdom. His master Cao Zhenyong, the division division Shen Wei has been mediation for Lin Zexu, Daoguang emperor also known Lin Zexu's outstanding achievements, especially summoned to praise him, and exceptional forest is Xu. Since then, by the Daoguang diorious reincarnation of the forest is Xu Qingyun straight, the end can be an ambition.
Daoguang three years the first month of the seventh day (February 17, 1823), Lin Zexu Jiangsu by the investigation, during the period to clarify the Jiangsu officials, reform the trial process, personally ruled the case. Even night sneak, check out unannounced visits, autopsy also personally hands. Shortly in any four months, put the case of Jiangsu backlog of eighteen nine, was praised by the people of Jiangsu as "Lin Qingtian." He and that the atmosphere of Jiangsu defeated, all due to opium harm, so ordered the ban on Jiangsu.
The same year the summer, Jiangsu floods, social unrest, people gathered, will become a change, the government still taxable. Jiangsu governor Han Wenqi force the main force of repression, Lin Zexu strongly opposed to his boat to the disaster area, relief victims, to quell the public anger, to restore social order.
Daoguang seven years (1827) in June in Shaanxi according to the investigation, the agent of the governor, in any month was transferred to Jiangning government. Waiting for the transfer period, the southern Shaanxi Lueyang area of floods, then leave the original duties of Shaanxi, went to Luoyang to see the disaster, the placement of the affected people, but also involved in the county construction of the matter.
Daoguang ten years (1830) autumn Hubei governor, the next spring transferred to Henan governor, pull the East River Governor. From June to July the following year, Lin Zexu has served as Hubei, Henan, Jiangning government officials. Facing the major issues related to the people's livelihood, determined to "break the situation", "force by the follow", in order to "disadvantages of money and money, workers solid security." In order to control the Yellow River, personally wore the cold wind, walk a few hundred miles, on the standby thousands of water merchants to check the beam, but also to see along the river terrain, water situation.
Daoguang twelve years (1832) in February, transferred to the governor of Jiangsu. From this year to sixteen years, he has done a lot of achievements in agriculture, management, water conservancy, disaster relief and civil administration, especially advocating new farming techniques and promoting new tools. He realized in his practical activities that "the land force is necessary, and the earthwork is the agricultural skill, and the waterway is more clear, that is, the field is more than one point." Lin Zexu's farming thought is in the actual inspection experience Out of the.
Daoguang seventeen years (1837) the first month, Sheng Lake Governor. In the face of Hubei Province every summer floods often flood situation, Lin Zexu take effective measures to put forward the "anti-counterweight", so that "Jianghan thousands of miles long embankment, An Lan Puqing, and branch river dike, no one Wide mouth, "the protection of Jianghan coastal counties and states of life and property, made an indelible contribution.
Forced to smoke
Daoguang eighteen years on November 15, Lin Zexu was appointed imperial envoy, into Guangzhou to investigate smoking. Lin Zexu first clear the situation of Guangzhou by opium poison, find the various tobacco museum, master a large number of first-hand information, in the first month of the first nine months (March 1839) arrived in Guangzhou, in February fourth day (March 19), Lin Zexu In conjunction with Deng Yanzhen and other communications thirteen foreign businessmen, ordered to transfer the letter posts, life foreign opium traffickers limit the payment of cigarettes, and ensure that the future will never entrain opium, he also solemnly declared: "If the opium is not a day, the adults do not But the foreign refusal to hand over, after a firm struggle to defeat the British business supervision in China and opium traders, collecting all the opium nearly 20,000 boxes, about 2.37 million Yu Jin. Was destroyed on April 25 (June 3) at Humen Beach.
Daoguang nineteen years (1839) March 18, Lin Zexu issued two odes posted. March 19 ordered the ban on foreigners to leave Guangzhou. March 21 ordered to surround the mall. March 22 ordered the British opener to Britain.
橫遭誣陷
The first "Opium War" period, Lin Zexu to Humen door smoke, struggling against the British and famous, become a generation of celebrities, national hero, praised for future generations. But also because of smoking and anti-British, so that Lin Zexu became a court of the "criminal", suffered five years of tragic exile life.
Lin Zexu in Guangzhou, the ban on smoking achievements, initially received the Daoguang emperor fully affirmed. Daoguang nineteen years (1839) July 28, Daoguang Di see Bi Linzu's Humen cigarette sales report, delighted, known as: "can be said to be happy!" Soon, Lin Zexu 55 birthday, Daoguang Emperor and personally written "Blessing", "longevity" of the capital of the capital of the width of the plaque, sent to Guangzhou, to show awards. But after a lapse of time, Lin Zexu's situation is rapidly deteriorating. Daoguang twenty years (1840) in June, the British army fleet to block the Pearl River estuary, attack Guangzhou. Lin Zexu strict deployment, so that the British offensive failed to succeed. After the British blocked behind the coast, on July 5 captured the sea, arrived in Tianjin on August 9 Dagu, threatening Beijing. At that time, Dao Guangdi panic-stricken, so that Zhili governor Qi Shan went to "and" and ordered the governor of the two rivers to check the British army to capture the reasons for the sea, whether it is "never trade" or "burning its opium" , Intended to Lin Zexu as a "scapegoat." Since then, all kinds of framing, combat and accusations continue to come to Lin Zexu's head. Qi Shan is the backbone of the compromise, of course, will not miss this trap and the opportunity to combat Lin Zexu. He claimed that the British dissatisfaction is only Lin Zexu one, as long as the Qing court punish Lin Zexu, all the problems can be resolved. In the meantime, Lin Zexu played twice, bold statement of anti-British anti-British rationality and justice. Dao Guangdi turned his face, accused Lin Zexu is a nonsense.
Daoguang twenty years on September 29, Daoguang Di decreed, leather Lin Zexu's job, and ordered the "Ministry of Foreign Affairs to strengthen the meeting, to Beijing to listen to the Council." October 25, Lin Zexu also received the Ministry of Personnel documents, inform him to stay in Guangzhou, waiting for the new imperial envoy Boer Ji Ji Te Qi Shan's interrogation and hair.
Daoguang twenty-one years (1841) May 1, Lin Zexu received the imperial edict: reduced to four products Qing title, went to Zhejiang Zhenhai waiting for decree. To Zhenhai, Lin Zexu actively involved in the local coastal defense construction matters, trying to "take the crime meritorious service." Soon, to replace Qi Shan Jing Yi general Yishan in the army and the British combat defeated. In order to get rid of the guilt, he actually made a rumor that the British side is willing to agree and they hate the bone only Lin Zexu one. Implied meaning, that is, must be punished again Lin Zexu, the British side to strike and discuss. Daoguang Dili and eager, then the responsibility of the defeat of Guangzhou once again blame Lin Zexu, said he was in Guangzhou when the job is not actively planning defense, so that the British launched an attack, Yishan can not stand. June 28, Daoguang emperor decreed, leather to Lin Zexu "four products Qing title", "from the re-issued to Xinjiang Yili, the effectiveness of atonement."
Lin Zexu anti-British active, but was surrendered to framed, was Dao Guangdian dismissed, he bite the bullet, Daoguang twenty-one years (July 14, 1841) set foot on the road. On the way to the garrison, still worry about the country, not for personal ups and downs and sighs, when his wife in the ancient city of Xi'an farewell, filled with anger wrote "Gouli state of life and death, The excitement of the verse. This is his patriotic feelings to express, but also a portrayal of his temperament personality.
Daoguang twenty-one years on November 9 to Xinjiang.
Daoguang twenty-five years (1845) began, the court re-use Lin Zexu, transferred to the governor of Shaanxi and Shaanxi, governor of Shaanxi, governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. Daoguang twenty-five years in September was called back to Beijing alternate, in November to take care of the three leaders of Shaanxi and Gansu governor. Twenty-six years (1846) in April, granted the governor of Shaanxi, July 9 (August 30) arrived in Shaanxi. At this time in Shaanxi, a variety of social contradictions are very sharp: the Opium War, the Qing court to solve military difficulties, in addition to the transfer of salt tax levied in Shaanxi, but also forced Shaanxi donated more than one million two. After the Opium War to the foreign invaders of the indemnity also assessed to Shaanxi, Xian Xian Xian Xian, Chang'an County, the compensation of silver, the annual collection of more than twenty-two or more, equivalent to one-third of the amount of silver is turned over; Succession of famine, laborers life extremely difficult; Weinan, Fuping, Sanyuan, Dali, Pucheng and other places of the "swordsman" and the local Muslims together, the struggle against the government come and go.
Died of illness
Daoguang twenty-seven years (1847) in March, the Qing court life is the governor of the Governor Xu Gui. After the arrival of the Yunnan border to maintain stability and Prince Edward Taibao, enjoy wearing flowers Ling. Twenty-nine years (1849) autumn, due to illness reed please open home to return home, the next March returned to Hou Guan. In September, the Qing court was appointed imperial envoy, to the town of Guangxi to worship God will be anti-armed uprising. He was sick from Hou Guan, October 19 (November 22, 1850) died in Chaozhou Puning Museum. On the October 24 (November 27), the Qing court also ordered him to be the governor of Guangxi.
In any of the Yunnan, he proposed to rectify the Yunnan mining, to encourage private mining, to promote business and other claims. This reflects that his thoughts contain the embryonic capitalist ideology. Yu Daoguang twenty-nine years (1849) due to illness, to end his political career. Daoguang three decades (1850) Qing court for the suppression of Taiping chaos, it was appointed him as imperial minister, supervise the Guangxi military affairs. But Lin Zexu did not recover, hernia from time to time attack, the results he was lying on a special couch, from Fujian, Guangdong mountains, all the way to Guangdong, to Chaozhou, began severe diarrhea, to Puning, has been ill, Museum. In the end, Lin Zexu, accompanied by his son Lin Cong-yi and his staff Liu Cun-jen, gave a long speech at the age of sixty-six years later in October 19 (November 22, 1850). After the death of the Qing court to give their prince Taifu, according to the governor of the case of thanks, served as all points to break up, Shi Wenzhong.
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