托福閱讀10種題型舉例分析——推斷題
托福閱讀大家都想能更好地把題目做對，不過托福閱讀題型還是很多的，不同的托福閱讀題也有著不同的解決辦法，具體該如何做呢?下面介紹的就是一種很常見的題目：推理題，希望能給大家一些好的建議。
托福閱讀10種題型舉例分析——推斷題
無論是OG還是Delta，都把閱讀的題目分成十類，即：Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.
還有很重要的一點，做題的時候，無論考試還是練習(xí)，不光要分析對的選項為什么對，更要分析錯的選項為什么錯。有時候分析錯誤的原因更為重要。有助于你把握出題的思路，培養(yǎng)感覺。這是非常有用的。
五、推斷題
應(yīng)該說推斷題屬于難度比較大，混淆選項比較難排除的一種。但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是無章可循。OG的說明是：如果文章提到結(jié)果，很可能讓你推斷原因;如果提到二者比較，很可能問你比較的基礎(chǔ);正確答案不是文章明顯提到的，而是明顯可以推出來的。最重要的一句話就是：You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected。正確的答案一定要有原文某句話作支持。這為排除法提供了良好依據(jù)。因為錯誤選項往往就是在句中加入了與原文完全無關(guān)的些許成分。這些成分就成了我們戳穿謊言的標準。做這種題一定要本著抬杠的方法，只要說的不完美，含糊不清，故意夸大或隱瞞事實，無中生有，都算錯。這種題是我認為最需要感覺的一類題了。
比較容易出推斷題的地方，一個明顯的標志是時間狀語：before 2000, after 1999之類的。很可能就問你what can be inferred about _X after 2000或者before 1999. 看到這樣的話，你要小心可能在此出推斷題了。OG上的例子就是一個perfect example:
一看見這個題，首先就回到文中找相關(guān)信息，關(guān)鍵詞：nineteenth century; 只要找到after nineteenth century就可以了。因為這種類型的題，給出時間狀語，問某時點之后，文中給出的必然是該時點之前的內(nèi)容?？焖僬业降谝恍泻偷谌卸加?9世紀的內(nèi)容。第一句…. Was available to all，必然取反，選擇19世紀之前，蠟燭是not available to all。而剩下三個錯誤選項說的全是19世紀以后才出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。
另外，有助于你推斷的也有可能是一些表示否定意思的詞，比如different from, unlike, in contrast to等等。同樣，文中給出諸如Unlike A, B is C的句子。然后題目問What can be inferred about A。那么把C取反，自然就是A的特點了。如OG Practice Set 1的第二題：
閱讀的時候，看到unlike就要小心點;或者做第二題的時候，unlike可以幫助你有小定位。說unlike sea otters, it’s not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 把這句話后半部分取反，那sea otters 自然是not difficult to imagine. 這也是對not easy to envision的反意paraphrase.
上面這兩種應(yīng)該算是推斷題里最簡單的，只需取反即可。還有就是純粹需要靠推斷的題了。推斷不是臆斷，而是必然由文中的信息能夠推斷出來的。但具體做起來有一定的難度。有些題需要用到簡單的邏輯推理，更多的還需要前面提到的排除法。再拿上面文章8題舉例：
第一段最后第二行，milksick(A)，是由于喝了病牛牛奶導(dǎo)致，病牛(B)是吃了有毒的葉子得的病(C), CèB, BèA, 則CèA. 而最后一條CèA就是正確答案的意思了。而錯誤的選項都加入了文中根本沒有的元素，如A中的common illness, B中的children, D中的kill cattle，都在文中沒有任何相關(guān)信息。所以都能夠排除掉。
舉個不太容易看出來的例子，OG Practice set 2，11題。
用排除法，A里的Government根本沒提到。有人可能會說不是說有什么enforced program嗎?這就需要抬杠了。非得由政府完成啊?那是你自己主觀臆斷的。原文根本沒提到政府這回事，所以不行。B里的什么in cycle, change原文都沒有;D更好抬杠，總不能大海也沙漠化吧。抬杠看似不講道理，但正確的答案選項，你還真不好抬出杠來。因為都說得比較圓滑比較完善。不信你可以試試。這種方法看似有些荒.唐，但是杠抬得多了，一看就能看出來哪個長得像正確選項了?，F(xiàn)在按照OG的方法證明一下正確選項D。這段第一句話說，在一些地區(qū)，減緩沙漠化的過程可能會非常困難。這必然說明作者相信沙漠化會繼續(xù)，不然何談slow or reverse?
推斷題出的類型比較多，我也難以盡述。只能拋磚引玉，希望大家在練習(xí)中多找感覺了。極端、簡單、假大空、無中生有都是典型的錯誤形式，而正確的答案看起來都讓人很舒服。只要找到這種感覺，這種題不難做。
托福閱讀推理類題目的解法
一、推理題的標志
托福閱讀題型中推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。
二、推理題的做法
對于無共性的推理題，也就是托福閱讀題干中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。
對于有共性的推理題，也就是托福閱讀題干中有線索的，可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：
1.一般對比推理
ETS設(shè)計推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個事物的對比特征出題是其中之一。問其中一個事物的特征時，只要將與之形成對比的另一個事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
&<61;There were great numbers of them.
&<61;They lived in the sea only.
&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知 sea otters 和 pinnipeds 兩種動物與 whales 形成對比，而且很難想象原始的 whales 的樣子;根據(jù)“一般對比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的 sea otters 的樣子不難想象”。第一個選項表達了此意，為正確答案。
2.時間對比推理
這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were larger.
(B)population statistics were unreliable.
(C)the population grew steadily.
(D)economic conditions were bad.
工業(yè)革命之后與工業(yè)革命之前兩個時間形成對比。既然工業(yè)革命之后西方世界的家庭變小了，那么工業(yè)革命之前的家庭一定比較大。因此(A)為正確答案。
例二：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成對比。既然1927年以前的電影只有音樂而沒有配音，那么1927年之后的電影一定有。所以(C)為正確答案。
例三：
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.
&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
&<61;They were not available to all.
&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.
問題：關(guān)于19世紀以前的蠟燭，從第一段可以推出下列哪一點?
這道題的題干中有“19世紀以前”這一時間，由此可見它屬于“時間對比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世紀帶來了大量新發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明，使蠟燭業(yè)發(fā)生了革命性的變化，所有人都能用蠟燭照明。” 根據(jù)“時間對比推理”思路，由于19世紀以前的情況與19世紀形成對比，而19世紀所有人能用蠟燭照明，那么在19世紀之前，并非所有人都能用上蠟燭。第三個選項 “They were not available to all”表達了這一意思，為正確答案。
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個集合中，包含兩個相對的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量變化推斷另一方的消減。
例一：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
原文談到folk culture 和popular culture兩種文化，它們之間形成對比。既然美國和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它們就有popular culture。因此(C)為正確答案。
例二：
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降了。所以(B)為正確答案。
托福閱讀：推理題例題解題方法
托福閱讀題型：推理題例題解題方法：
. Inference questions 推理題
推理題的標志是在題干中出現(xiàn)infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞匯，它和細節(jié)題屬于同源題目，都需要定位并且根據(jù)文中信息來選擇答案。與細節(jié)題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點之后考察的是學(xué)生對于文中信息的總結(jié)概括，或者反向推理的能力。我們來看一道例題，
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我們來對題目的出題范圍進行定位，題干的blowhole可以作為定位詞匯，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”在這句話里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters不一樣的是，whales的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什么樣子。而sea ottter是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項，即不難看出第一頭sea otter長什么樣子。所以實際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是并不需要同學(xué)們在做題的時候推的過遠，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結(jié)的能力。
托福閱讀題型之推理題的解題方法你了解了嗎?我相信這次舉例說明多多少少都能夠幫助到你。最后希望大家能夠好好的復(fù)習(xí)托福閱讀，做好新托?？荚嚠斨械牡谝徊糠?。
托福閱讀推理題中的類比邏輯關(guān)系
很多同學(xué)最近一直和我抱怨，托福閱讀中的推理題好難啊，很多題目的正確選項在文中都找不到，說好的忠于原文，說好的不用多想，不用為作者分憂解難呢?這時候我會偷笑，因為你們在托福閱讀考試流程里碰到的是細節(jié)題的升級版本—─推理題!我們平時在閱讀教學(xué)中一直和同學(xué)強調(diào)，閱讀要忠于原文，不要大開腦洞，所有答案均出現(xiàn)在原文中。唯獨有一種題目即推理題，需要學(xué)生不僅在文中找到相關(guān)依據(jù)，還要根據(jù)這個依據(jù)走一步推理的過程，才能得出答案。
今天就想和大家分享一下閱讀推理題中涉及到的一種邏輯推理關(guān)系 — 類比關(guān)系，此類邏輯關(guān)系一般出現(xiàn)在對比類的文段中。即文章中出現(xiàn)A,B兩個比較對象， A與B有相同特征，于是我們可以根據(jù)A的特證來推斷B也有相同的特征。舉個例子：像小明一樣，小紅愛吃西瓜，于是乎我們可以從這句話里推斷出不僅小紅愛吃西瓜，小明也愛吃。接下去，我們就來看看這種邏輯關(guān)系在推理題中的應(yīng)用。
Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
這道題目，題干問我們根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容我們可以對鯨魚作出何種推斷，于是乎我們根據(jù)解題技巧快速回到文中搜索定位詞whales, 找到以下這句話 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 這句話告訴我們leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 雖然此句沒有直接提到whales的特征，但我們可以根據(jù)剛剛提到的類比關(guān)系做一步邏輯推斷啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也應(yīng)該就是whales的特征，因此我們只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可發(fā)現(xiàn)whales的特征。原文最后一句話提到， leatherback turtle會游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的處理冰水的能力。于是乎我們可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案對應(yīng)B選項。
再來看一道稍難的題目吧
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
此題問我們，根據(jù)第四段我們可以對trumpeting of bull elk做出怎樣的推斷。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞trumpeting of bull elk我們快速找到原文最后一個單詞。既然是出現(xiàn)在文章的最后位置，那我們只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一個我們非常熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系—─類比關(guān)系。來看這句話 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.這句話告訴我們buck rub發(fā)出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk發(fā)出的auditory signal有相同的社會作用。根據(jù)前文我們知道buck rub可以反映年長雄鹿在鹿群里的社會地位。于是乎我們便可以做進一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也應(yīng)該有相似地功能。
我想，只要我們的同學(xué)能夠熟練掌握這種邏輯推理方法，將來一定可以避免在做這類推理題時常常出現(xiàn)的無從下手的困境。
托福閱讀10種題型舉例分析——推斷題相關(guān)文章：