關(guān)于gre作文雷同分?jǐn)?shù)的問(wèn)題
在經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的備考期之后，小伙伴終于迎來(lái)了考試，考完試之后，最在意的就是分?jǐn)?shù)，那么關(guān)于分?jǐn)?shù)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種狀況就是關(guān)于gre作文雷同分?jǐn)?shù)的問(wèn)題，一起來(lái)看看解析吧!
關(guān)于gre作文雷同分?jǐn)?shù)的問(wèn)題
這個(gè)問(wèn)題在江湖上已經(jīng)糾結(jié)了很久，以至各種版本的傳聞和流言此起彼伏，搞得人心惶惶，我覺(jué)得有必要寫(xiě)一篇文字澄清一下。一個(gè)基本的原則，就是一切以ETS網(wǎng)站的信息為準(zhǔn)，所有其他地方傳來(lái)的信息，包括本文的觀點(diǎn)，都是未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證的揣測(cè)，只能作為參考。
ETS在GRE作文評(píng)分部分討論到獨(dú)立智力活動(dòng)的問(wèn)題：
Independent Intellectual Activity. Essay responses on the Analytical Writing section will be reviewed by ETS essay-similarity-detection software and by experienced essay readers during the scoring process. In light of the high value placed on independent intellectual activity within United States graduate schools and universities, ETS?? reserves the right to cancel test scores of any test taker when there is substantial evidence that an essay response includes, but is not limited to, any of the following:
由此可見(jiàn)，GRE的雷同處理將包括軟件的使用和閱卷員審核兩部分。那么軟件這一部分來(lái)講，我們有理由相信它主要是針對(duì)背誦范文的考生，運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)的范文數(shù) 據(jù)庫(kù)檢測(cè)答卷中是否有某一段文字為抄襲。在計(jì)算機(jī)防止抄襲的工作中，做得比較好的是turnitin (//turnitin.com)，我們可以通過(guò)這個(gè)網(wǎng)站了解全球最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)反抄襲技術(shù)也不過(guò)就是文字段落的配對(duì)。而對(duì)付閱卷員，則需要更 加仔細(xì)的避開(kāi)以下ETS所列出的雷區(qū)：
Text that is similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses
這里講的就是你的文字和其他考生的文字很接近。相信這項(xiàng)檢查將由計(jì)算機(jī)完成，其原理和turnitin相同。要避免這一點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵是不要背范文，以及要自己來(lái)寫(xiě)。有同學(xué)會(huì)問(wèn)如果句式一樣、內(nèi)容不同行不行，我的看法是可以，因?yàn)槟愕木渥硬粫?huì)和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中其他同學(xué)任何一個(gè)句子相似。
Quoting or paraphrasing, without attribution, language that appears in published or unpublished sources
這里提到的是學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中的一個(gè)經(jīng)典問(wèn)題，就是引述別人的文字時(shí)，需要指明這是原作者的工作，而不能將別人的工作據(jù)為己有。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是語(yǔ)言，因此只要每一 句話都是你自己造的就不會(huì)有這個(gè)問(wèn)題。如果是引用別人的話，就注明出處即可。第二項(xiàng)也有可能通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)完成一部分，比如將一些名人名言錄入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。
3) Unacknowledged use of work that has been produced through collaboration with others without citation of the contribution of others
這一項(xiàng)指的是在作文中使用了和別人合作的成果而未能引述他人的貢獻(xiàn)。比如說(shuō)考生A和考生B在討論題庫(kù)的過(guò)程_同想出了某個(gè)思路，那么兩個(gè)考生在考試中使 用這個(gè)思路時(shí)都必須引述另一個(gè)考生也參與了這個(gè)思考的事實(shí)。我想這條規(guī)則主要是針對(duì)考生在作文中重復(fù)使用相同的思路和例證。其實(shí)，ETS并沒(méi)有禁止使用別 人的東西，而只是強(qiáng)調(diào)用了別人的東西，一定要記得給別人相應(yīng)的credit。
Essays that are submitted as work of the examinee when the words have, in fact, been borrowed from elsewhere or prepared by another person.
注意本項(xiàng)和第三項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞有區(qū)別，第三項(xiàng)用的是work，是一個(gè)很寬泛的概念，涵蓋的內(nèi)容包括文章的思路、例證等;而本項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞是words，實(shí)際上就是text，這一點(diǎn)和第一項(xiàng)是一致的。第一項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是和其他考生的雷同而本項(xiàng)則是和其他已發(fā)表文章的雷同。
以上是筆者對(duì)ETS政策說(shuō)明的解釋，屬于個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)，僅供參考。接下來(lái)，我們可以從獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作原則的正面角度來(lái)討論如何避免因雷同而被取消成績(jī)。要想避免雷同，考生應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面努力：
1) 在觀點(diǎn)上要具有洞察力，要有自己的原創(chuàng)特色。觀點(diǎn)是GRE作文考試的核心內(nèi)容，考察考生能否對(duì)一個(gè)issue進(jìn)行深入分析與思考并最終提出一個(gè)有層次的觀 點(diǎn)。有了原創(chuàng)觀點(diǎn)就不用擔(dān)心雷同。我這樣說(shuō)也許有有點(diǎn)像讓快餓死的人去吃肉粥。如果真的要借鑒范文觀點(diǎn)，我建議應(yīng)該盡可能做一些調(diào)整，以避免第二個(gè)雷區(qū)。 或者干脆在文中講明這個(gè)思路是借鑒了哪一本參考書(shū)的。美國(guó)人對(duì)真小人比對(duì)偽君子要寬容。
2) 在語(yǔ)言上可以使用一些范文的句式，但是絕對(duì)不能照抄原文，而是要換掉一些關(guān)鍵詞?；蛘呷绻栌藐P(guān)鍵詞，則必須使用別的句式。
3) 在結(jié)構(gòu)上可以采取聲東擊西的策略，比如把北美范文用在120題的結(jié)構(gòu)和破題策略用在210題上。
4) 在例證方面，使用范文用過(guò)的例證沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，哪怕用那些被判雷同的例證也沒(méi)問(wèn)題。例證是人類的共同知識(shí)，誰(shuí)都可以使用，關(guān)鍵是我們不能用和范文作者同樣的思 路和語(yǔ)言來(lái)詮釋例證并展開(kāi)類似的論證。因此，越是耳熟能詳?shù)睦C如牛頓與蘋(píng)果樹(shù)、愛(ài)迪生孵蛋，要寫(xiě)出原創(chuàng)的內(nèi)容就越困難，雷同的危險(xiǎn)就越大。
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，取消分?jǐn)?shù)是一件很?chē)?yán)重的事情，ETS決不會(huì)輕易的下手。這個(gè)政策背后的原則就是原創(chuàng)性，需要考生有自己的思想、自己的例證和自己的語(yǔ)言。我們一 方面可以在政策允許的范圍內(nèi)對(duì)范文進(jìn)行合法、合理的使用，另一方面更要積極培養(yǎng)我們自己的獨(dú)立思考能力，從根本上解決雷同問(wèn)題。
GRE作文范文：Consciously Reconnecting
There may be times when we feel like our connection to the universe is closed. Maybe things don’t seem to be going well in our day, or our lives, or we may feel out of our element. The truth is, the universe is always there for us. We know that we create our experience with our thoughts, and this is another way we need to make a conscious decision about how we want to experience life. It is up to us to do the work of making the connection, because nobody can do it for us, though sometimes the universe may send us wake-up calls.
You can think of it as getting some fresh air. We are always breathing and the air is always around us, surrounding us, moving through us. But we may need to step outside of where we are in the moment—physically, mentally, or emotionally—and make the conscious choice to take a deep breath in order to feel the air coming in and going out. Whether this means stepping outside physically or merely shifting our thoughts, it is only our perception that changes; the air remains the same.
It is just as easy to reconnect with the universe. Using the same technique as a breath of fresh air, a deep breath can bring us back to our center. As we inhale, we fill our bodies with the oxygen needed to replenish our most basic physical needs, allowing the air to circulate within us. Exhaling, we release the stale, the used, the potentially toxic air, removing any blocks that may keep us from going deeper into the stillness that lies at our center where we connect to the universe. Feeling closed off does not need to be a negative experience. When we become conscious of it, we can think of the wholeness of a closed circuit, which allows electricity to connect and flow properly. Our bodies work the same way, and when we make that connection in our minds, it can help bring us back to the connection we seek.
GRE作文范文：Reclaiming Our Roots
Some cultures are more rooted to the earth and connected to their inherent spirituality. But every one of us, even those of us who have been disconnected from our roots for hundreds of years, comes from a place that was once inhabited by people who worshipped and honored the earth on which they lived. In other words, we can all claim this wisdom as an essential part of who we are.
One way we can begin to rediscover our roots is to explore the early earth-based religions practiced in the parts of the world that birthed our ancestors. If we explore the ancient spiritual practices of our ancestors, we will find that their practices and beliefs share many elements with Native American, African, and aboriginal religious traditions. People who are connected to the earth and honor her share a fundamental philosophy that we can claim as our own because we too are of the earth. Many of us have become so disconnected from the earth that it feels foreign and awkward to imagine communing with her or performing a ritual for her. If we are honest, though, we will find within ourselves a yearning to feel more connected, more grounded, and more at home in this world. This yearning can lead us back to our disowned roots, which, of course, leads us right into the heart of the earth.
As we begin to see more clearly the people we come from, we can begin to alter our perception of who we are now, laying claim to our inherent relatedness to the earth. We might celebrate this by observing the ancient calendar of solstices and equinoxes, celebrating and honoring the cycle of the seasons as our ancestors did, or we might explore any one of the many earth-based practices through reading or participating in ritual. When we do these things, we tap back into our roots, finding nourishment at the wellspring of our earthly origins, the source we share with all of humanity.
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