雅思關(guān)于鯨魚的閱讀

時(shí)間：2020-06-13 13:27:29 楚薇0由分享

　為了幫助大家攻克雅思閱讀，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)雅思關(guān)于鯨魚的閱讀文章，希望喜歡。

　雅思雙語(yǔ)閱讀——鯨魚是自然界“歌王” 能連續(xù)唱一天

　　“聞名遐邇”的音樂(lè)奇才嘎嘎小姐發(fā)行自己的又一張新專輯，再一次“輕而易舉”地將自己的音樂(lè)享譽(yù)全球的時(shí)候，科學(xué)家驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的音樂(lè)天才不僅僅局限于人類這個(gè)物種，在海底的鯨魚也同樣有“發(fā)行音樂(lè)專輯”并“唱歌”的權(quán)利。今天聚培訓(xùn)小編就給大家介紹一下雅思雙語(yǔ)閱讀——鯨魚是自然界“歌王” 能連續(xù)唱一天。

　　when lady gaga releases a catchy new single, it quickly goes around the world. now scientists have discovered the same thing happens with the songs of another exotic creature – the humpback whale. the mammals become fixated on new tunes just like people do, and the most popular original whale songs spread globally like hit singles. number one artist? humpback whales become fixated on new tunes. the most popular original whale songs spread around the world like hit singles

　　當(dāng)“聞名遐邇”的音樂(lè)奇才嘎嘎小姐發(fā)行自己的又一張新專輯，再一次“輕而易舉”地將自己的音樂(lè)享譽(yù)全球的時(shí)候，科學(xué)家驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的音樂(lè)天才不僅僅局限于人類這個(gè)物種，在海底的鯨魚也同樣有“發(fā)行音樂(lè)專輯”并“唱歌”的權(quán)利。科學(xué)家還證實(shí)，這一類哺乳動(dòng)物(座頭鯨)可以像人類一樣“有音調(diào)” “帶感情”地唱歌，據(jù)悉，座頭鯨是鯨類中最大者，成體平均體長(zhǎng)雄性為12.9米，雌性為13.7米，體重25～35噸。其前緣具不規(guī)則的瘤狀突如鋸齒狀，口大，進(jìn)食時(shí)上下頜間特殊韌帶結(jié)構(gòu)可使口張開90度的角度。

　　the discovery has stunned marine experts who say it is the first time such a large, ‘population wide cultural exchange’ has been seen in the animal kingdom. male humpback whales are famed for the loud, long and complex songs they make during the mating season. scientists are unsure why the males sing. some believe it is a way of advertising themselves to females, others that it allows migrating whales to stay in contact。

　　這一發(fā)現(xiàn)徹底震驚了很多海洋專家，讓他們“大開眼界”，對(duì)于鯨魚發(fā)行音樂(lè)專輯事宜，他們認(rèn)為這是在生物物種，不同生物之間最大的一次 “文化交流”活動(dòng)。雄性座頭鯨以“嗓門大”“身型長(zhǎng)”“擅長(zhǎng)復(fù)雜歌曲”聞名于世界。專家稱，特別在交配季節(jié)的雄性座頭鯨們可以更能展現(xiàn)、展示他們的“歌唱才華”。然而，對(duì)于鯨魚為什么會(huì)唱歌的原因，科學(xué)家至今還未能總結(jié)出個(gè)什么結(jié)論，有一些人是認(rèn)為這是雄性座頭鯨為了吸引雌性座頭鯨做出的“雄性荷爾蒙舉動(dòng)”，也有一些人認(rèn)為這是為了與“遷徙”舉家搬遷的“移民鯨魚”聯(lián)系感情的一種方式。

　　each song lasts for ten to 20 minutes and the males can sing continuously for 24 hours. at any one time, all the males in a population sing the same song. but a study, published in the journal current biology, shows that this song changes over time and spreads around the oceans. dr ellen garland, of queensland university, said: ‘our findings reveal cultural change on a vast scale. songs move like cultural ripples from one population to another, causing all males to change their song to a new version.’

　　據(jù)悉，鯨魚們唱歌課不輕松，一首曲子至少能維持20分鐘，而且雄性座頭鯨常常能唱歌長(zhǎng)達(dá)24小時(shí)。科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，在任何時(shí)間，雄性座頭鯨都會(huì)“演唱”同一首曲子。在一本期刊《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》發(fā)表的研究上指出，這首座頭鯨唱的曲子在全世界通用，在任何海域都能聽得到?？芍^在鯨魚界“不分地域”“享譽(yù)全球”的曲子。有專家dr ellen 說(shuō)：“我們的研究目的是表明一個(gè)道理，那就是文化交流是在任何一個(gè)物種之間都存在的。”

　　【雅思閱讀翻譯】C4T1P2——鯨的感官

　　READING PASSAGE 2

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

　　What Do Whales Feel?

　　An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

　　鯨的感官

　　一項(xiàng)對(duì)于鯨目動(dòng)物(包括鯨、海豚、鼠海豚等哺乳動(dòng)物)的感官功能測(cè)試

　　Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.

　　對(duì)于我們和其他陸地哺乳動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō)，一些感官是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)?，但是?duì)于鯨來(lái)說(shuō)，這些感官要么衰退或消失，要么在水中無(wú)法正常地發(fā)揮作用。例如，齒鯨的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)顯示，它們不具備嗅覺(jué)。然而，雖然須鯨具備與嗅覺(jué)相關(guān)的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)，人們現(xiàn)在也不知道它們是否起作用。據(jù)推測(cè)，當(dāng)它們的(呼吸)氣孔進(jìn)化并移動(dòng)到頭頂時(shí)，服務(wù)于嗅覺(jué)感官的神經(jīng)通路就已經(jīng)幾乎不見(jiàn)了。同樣，盡管還有一些鯨魚擁有味蕾，服務(wù)于它們的神經(jīng)也已經(jīng)退化或者變得遲鈍了。

　　The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.

　　有時(shí)，人們會(huì)認(rèn)為它們的觸覺(jué)也很弱，但是這種觀點(diǎn)可能是錯(cuò)誤的。圈養(yǎng)海豚和小海豚的訓(xùn)練員常常會(huì)談?wù)摰剿鼈儗?duì)于碰觸和摩擦的動(dòng)物反應(yīng)。而且無(wú)論是圈養(yǎng)海豚還是放養(yǎng)海豚，整個(gè)族群中個(gè)體之間的接觸都更加頻繁(尤其是成年海豚和幼年海豚之間，或同一亞群的成員之間)。這種接觸有利于維護(hù)群體內(nèi)部的秩序，而且對(duì)于大多數(shù)種類的鯨來(lái)說(shuō)，輕撫和碰觸都是求偶行為的一部分。氣孔周圍的區(qū)域是尤其敏感的，圈養(yǎng)鯨類非常反感被碰觸那里。

　　The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision under- water, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.

　　不同種類的鯨，視覺(jué)感官的發(fā)達(dá)程度也不盡相同。人們?cè)谒陆嚯x研究表明，須鯨(具體來(lái)說(shuō)就人工飼養(yǎng)一年的灰鯨幼崽和阿根廷、夏威夷沿海拍攝的放養(yǎng)露脊鯨和座頭鯨)明顯具有可以利用視覺(jué)在水中追蹤獵物，而且它們不論在水中還是在空中都能看得很清楚。然而，須鯨眼睛的位置限制了它們視線的區(qū)域，所以它們可能不具備立體視覺(jué)。

　　On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottle-nose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.

　　從另一方面看，大部分海豚和江豚的眼睛位置說(shuō)明它們擁有向前和向下的立體視覺(jué)。淡水海豚經(jīng)常測(cè)游，或在進(jìn)食時(shí)肚皮朝上，這說(shuō)明它們擁有向前和向后的立體視覺(jué)。相反的是，寬吻海豚在水下有很好的視力。從它觀察和追蹤空中飛魚的方式看來(lái)，它穿過(guò)水面向空中也可以看得很清楚。而且，盡管初步試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明海豚的空中視力并不好，但它們能從水中躍起很高，并準(zhǔn)確地吃到馴獸師手里的小魚。這就用事實(shí)證據(jù)表明上述結(jié)論是錯(cuò)誤的。

　　Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.

　　當(dāng)然，這些變異可以通過(guò)個(gè)別物種的生存環(huán)境來(lái)解釋。例如，相比居住于混住的河流和洪水泛濫平原上的鯨，對(duì)于居住在清澈寬廣水域中的鯨來(lái)說(shuō)，視力無(wú)疑更加有用。比方說(shuō)南美洲的亞馬遜河豚和中國(guó)的白鰭豚視力都很有限，印度恒河豚根本看不見(jiàn)，它們的視力減弱成了兩條縫，只能感知到方向和光的強(qiáng)度。

　　Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echo- locationv①. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bow-head whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.

　　盡管味覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)嚴(yán)重退化，水下視力也不確定，這些缺陷卻完全可以被它們非常發(fā)達(dá)的聽覺(jué)系統(tǒng)所彌補(bǔ)。盡管音域不盡相同，但大部分種類的鯨魚都很會(huì)“唱歌”而且可以利用回聲定位來(lái)覓食。大須鯨主要使用低頻段的聲音，而且聲音種類很有限。值得一提的例外是夏天里北極露脊鯨歌曲般的合唱和座頭鯨復(fù)雜又令人難忘的話語(yǔ)。相比須鯨，齒鯨一般可以使用更多的頻譜，并且發(fā)出更多種類的聲音(盡管抹香鯨只能發(fā)出一系列單調(diào)尖銳的咔噠聲)。盡管聲音在鯨魚的社交生活和“文化”中扮演什么角色更是一種胡亂猜測(cè)而不是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)，但顯然，一些更復(fù)雜的聲音更具備交流能力。

　?、? Echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.

　　雅思機(jī)經(jīng)詞匯 - 鯨魚的起源

　　cetaceans /s??te??n/ n.鯨目動(dòng)物

　　porpoise /?p?rp?s/ n.鼠海豚

　　gill /ɡ?l/ n. 腮

　　fluke /flu:k/ n.鯨魚的尾鰭

　　sea otter 海獺

　　pinniped /‘p?n?ped/ n.鰭足類動(dòng)物

　　seal /si:l/n.海豹

　　walrus /w?lr?s/n.海象

　　archaeocyte /ɑ’ki?s?t/n.原始細(xì)胞

　　jawbone /d??:b??n/n.下頜骨

　　vestigial /v??st?d?i?l/adj. 殘留的，殘余的

　　locomotion /lo?k??mo??n/n.運(yùn)動(dòng)，移動(dòng)

　　重點(diǎn)句型講解

　　The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

　　解析：

　　show that賓語(yǔ)從句+even though讓步結(jié)構(gòu)

　　理解：

　　不過(guò)，從 Ambulocetus 的脊椎結(jié)構(gòu)上可以看出，即使缺少尾片，它們也能像現(xiàn)代鯨魚那通過(guò)身體背部的上下擺動(dòng)來(lái)游走。

　　每日一練|雅思詞匯:各種鯨魚、鯊魚和啄木鳥

　　鯨魚whale;

　　藍(lán)鯨blue whale;

　　白鯨

　　white whale/beluga whale;

　　座頭鯨humpback whale;

　　長(zhǎng)須鯨fin whale;

　　抹香鯨sperm whale;