托福閱讀復(fù)習(xí)的四個建議
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托福閱讀復(fù)習(xí)的四個建議
1. 如果基礎(chǔ)一般的同學(xué)，想要參加托福考試，最好提前3-4個月準(zhǔn)備起來。一本好的詞匯書是必不可少的。其實背哪一本詞匯書不是重點所在，重要的是能夠持之以恒，每天對所背的詞匯進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)和總結(jié)。因為你在做詞匯題時如果能遇到你熟悉的詞，可以節(jié)省你會到文章中去看上下文猜詞的時間。雖然不能保證背到就一定能考到，但是單詞可以幫助你更好的理解文章。曾經(jīng)有一名語言專家這樣說過：“Without grammar, little can be conveyed and without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”足以說明詞匯的重要性。
2. 然后要從理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)開始理解文章。我們要明白，托?？荚嚨拈喿x文章都是北美校園基礎(chǔ)課程的文章，基本沒有做過改動。所以文章的結(jié)構(gòu)就是完全按照美式作文的五段法，我們的考生只要用這樣的方式去分析每一篇文章，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的結(jié)構(gòu)是大同小異的。
3. 積累背景知識對我們來說相當(dāng)?shù)闹匾?，因此我們在做新托福閱讀的題目的同時，也應(yīng)該在空余的時候多閱讀課外讀物，原版雜志。譬如，國家地理，自然，今日美國等一些著名的原版雜志，這不僅可以擴充我們的背景知識，同時也可以補充我們在詞匯量上的不足。
4. 在復(fù)習(xí)的最后階段，做做模擬練習(xí)題是必不可少的。如果有條件的話，最好做一下?？架浖Ｒ驗檫@樣可以模仿新托福機考的真實場景。比較推薦的?？架浖蠦arron, Kaplan以及一些比較權(quán)威的模考網(wǎng)站。當(dāng)然在你報名時托福官方網(wǎng)站提供給你的那一套不完整的模考題也是很有參考價值的。
托福閱讀TPO29第2篇:Competition
【1】When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (interspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.
【2】No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. If more than one species is competing for a scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close relatives with similar demands on the environment. But it may also occur among totally unrelated forms that compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South American species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species—although added predation was also an important factor.
【3】To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.
【4】Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different niches. Competing species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap. The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection”; however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.
【5】Competition may occur for any needed resource. In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-water bottom-dwelling marine organisms. Indeed, it may be for any of the factors, physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. Competition is usually the more severe the denser the population. Together with predation, it is the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.
托福閱讀TPO29試題第2篇:Competition
1.The phrase "mechanisms of natural selection" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.types of natural selection.
B.dangers of natural selection.
C.problems natural selection solves.
D.ways natural selection works.
2.According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competition among individuals of different species?
A.It results in the eventual elimination of the resource for which they are competing.
B.It leads to competition among individuals of the same species.
C.It encourages new species to immigrate to an area.
D.It controls the number of individuals in the competing populations.
3.The word "indigenous" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.native.
B.rate.
C.most.
D.numerous.
4.In paragraph 1, why does the author mention what happened in New Zealand?
A.To indicate that Darwin understood the importance of competition.
B.To illustrate that competition can lead to the extinction of species.
C.To identify where the idea of competition among species first arose.
D.To argue against the idea that the process of selection is a natural occurrence.
5.According to paragraph 2, competition is not usually a significant factor among two coexisting species when
A.one of the species has only recently moved into the territory of the other.
B.the species are closely related to each other.
C.the population of one species is much larger than that of the other.
D.both of the species are herbivores.
6.The word "graphically" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.vividly.
B.frequently.
C.broadly.
D.typically.
7.In paragraph 2, why does the author talk about what happened as a result of North and South America becoming joined at the Isthmus of Panama?
A.To make the point that predation can have as much effect on species survival as competition does.
B.To show how the ability to switch to an alternative resource can give a species a competitive advantage.
C.To account for the current species composition of North and South America.
D.To provide an example of the serious effects of competition between unrelated species.
8.Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause's experiments were important because they
A.provided a situation in which competition could be removed from the interaction between two species.
B.showed that previous ideas about the extent to which competition determines the composition of a community were completely mistaken.
C.helped establish that competition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche.
D.offered evidence that competition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of a single food source.
9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 3)? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Apparent exceptions to this law usually involves cases in which two species compete for the same major resource but occupy slightly different niches.
B.Although it may appear that two species always have different niches, many exceptions show that species compete with each other.
C.Cases in which two species not only compete for a shared resource but also occupy similar niches are considered exceptions to this law.
D.Cases in which the two species do not occupy that same niche yet still compete for the same resource are believed to be exceptions to this law.
10.According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?
A.It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other more effectively.
B.It results I the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species.
C.It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources.
D.It results in the competing species evolving to become so much like each other that competition between them eventually disappears.
11.According to paragraph 4, "species selection" is a misleading term because it
A.overemphasizes the role of selection pressure in species extinction.
B.suggests that selection pressures directly influence whole species.
C.does not make a distinction between species extinction and species evolution.
D.suggests that extinction always results whenever there is a competition.
12.The word "regulating" in the passage(paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to
A.controlling.
B.explaining.
C.observing.
D.stopping.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? That is, as the density of a population increases, competition has a greater impact and leads to greater mortality.
Competition may occur for any needed resource. ■【A】In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-waterbottom-dwelling marine organisms. ■【B】Indeed, it may be for any of the factors,physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. ■【C】Competition isusually the more severe the denser the population. ■【D】Together with predation, itis the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
When necessary resources are limited, competition can occur among individuals of the same species or of different species.
A.Competition can eliminate a species, but since most species do not depend on a single resource, competition is often reduced by switching to alternative resources.
B.Investigation of the ecological role of competition is difficult because ordinarily the competition cannot be observed directly and must be inferred from its presumed effects.
C.Competition between a pair of species tends to lessen over time because the species tend to evolve to occupy different ecological niches and ranges.
D.Competition between individual of the same species is usually for food whereas competition between species is usually for habitat.
E.Experiments and field observation have established that competition between species is strong enough to prevent two species from occupying the same ecological niche.
F.Competition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.
托福閱讀TPO29答案第2篇:Competition
1.Mechanism本身是機制，原理的意思。從原文也可以推斷出來。我們都知道進(jìn)化是由于"物競天擇"的原因，原文這一句就是這個意思。因此這道題選擇D。
2.通過competition among individuals of different species定位到紅色標(biāo)注句子，但這句并沒提到任何一個選項，繼續(xù)往后看，下一句的主語是代詞it，指代intraspecies competition，因此后面也是對物種間競爭的描述。而這一句提到了是控制population的因素，對應(yīng)了選項D。
3.Indigenous是本土的意思=A選項。B是稀少的，C是大部分的，D是無數(shù)的。 這個詞義也可以從原文推斷。原文最后半句，which引導(dǎo)的從句說由于歐洲引進(jìn)的種族和which指代的東西競爭，是which滅絕了。往前看which引導(dǎo)的是"indigenous"新西蘭動植物。可以推測A選項代入最合適。
4.這一段提到種族間競爭時的論點是可以控制不同種族的數(shù)量。然后舉出了新西蘭動植物作為了例子，而例子都是用來證明和支持觀點的。因此選擇B選項。
5.根據(jù)coexisting species定位到原文處，前文就是原因，因為資源供給充足。而coexistence of herbivores是給出的例證，coexistence herbivores間沒有激烈競爭是因為它們都吃草，而草資源是非常充足的。理想答案是當(dāng)資源充足時，競爭不會成為重要的影響因素。但原文沒有，唯一合適的選擇就是D，也就是原文提到的例證。
6.Graph是圖畫的意思，graphically也就是用圖形地，可以推出生動地的意思。因此選擇A. vividly. B選項是頻繁地，C是廣泛地，D是特別地。都不符合。
7.引出南北美洲物種競爭結(jié)果的主句是"The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated…"由此推斷，南北美洲動物競爭的結(jié)果就是為了說明競爭的Effects。因此選擇D。
A原文提到了，在最后的半句，但是前面的although說明了這不是主要觀點。
8.通過Gause's experiments定位，文章在描述完實驗內(nèi)容后，說on the basis of these experiment，那么說明后面就是實驗得到的結(jié)論。也就是law of competitive exclusion. 因此選擇C。
9.原文中句子的主干是 seeming exceptions have been found，然后存在了轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯之后說這種例外是可以被解釋的。因此只有A符合。B，C，D都在一定程度上改變了原句的意思。
10.第一句就提到了問題所問的內(nèi)容，說competition具有evolutionary importance。后面應(yīng)該就是具體的解釋。往后看說同一小生態(tài)環(huán)境中的競爭物種tend to….那么tend to的內(nèi)容就是答案。對應(yīng)的就是C，說使得其領(lǐng)地不再重疊，也就是不再同一區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行資源競爭了。
11.通過species selection定位到標(biāo)注處，后面出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，說這個描寫是misleading的。往后肯定就會解釋原因。原文說natural selection其實是直接作用在individual上的，而不是species上。所以錯誤。對應(yīng)了B選項，"species selection 暗示了選擇壓力是直接作用于整個物種上的。"
12.最后一句是說它是最重要的在怎么樣數(shù)量增長中，影響密度的因素。很容易理解是控制。因此選A。B是解釋，C是觀察，D是停止。
13.要插入的句子開頭的that 一定是指代前文的一句話。并且跟density有關(guān)。而原文第一次出現(xiàn)density有關(guān)的詞是在D選項前的一句話"denser"，插入后發(fā)現(xiàn)，插入的就是在進(jìn)一步說明D前的那一句。而后文又補充了predation和competition對density的共同作用，邏輯關(guān)系吻合，意思通順。
14.A正確，對應(yīng)原文第二段第二，三句。B原文并沒有這樣的意思，一直在說是在競爭resource，不選。C后半句在原文中提到了，但s是并沒有與前半句的這樣的因果關(guān)系，不選。D正確，對應(yīng)原文第3段的on the basis of那一句。E正確，對應(yīng)原文第四段的第二句。
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