GRE的ISSUE作文更具邏輯性的論證方式

為了幫助大家高效備考GRE，學習啦為大家?guī)怼癎REISSUE作文更具邏輯性的論證方式”，希望對大家GRE備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關(guān)注學習啦!

GRE的ISSUE作文更具邏輯性的論證方式

1. 對特殊詞匯做前提式討論

即對題目中某個特殊的單詞進行前提式討論，作為全文展開討論的基礎(chǔ)。

可以用作前提論證的素材單詞往往包括：

A、帶有主觀感情色彩的判斷詞，比如Just，Correct，Effective，Reasonable等等。

在討論這些觀點詞時就必須確立一個標準，進而為全文的討論確定標準，常見的比如“對社會中大部分人有利”“對社會穩(wěn)定有利”“能使資源有效分配，最低投入最高產(chǎn)出”等等。

B、作用、意義、任務(wù)等值得討論的名詞關(guān)鍵詞，比如Education，Government，Law，Teacher等等。

這些詞其實在間接討論A類判斷詞，即“B類詞干什么才是A類詞(教育干什么才是對的，法律干什么才是有效的……)”，由此確定判別一個事物該做什么的標準，才能在全文中討論題目說的此事物做的東西是否正確。

前提論證的好處是從字面出發(fā)，確定主基調(diào)，可以防止全文的發(fā)展出現(xiàn)價值觀的自我矛盾導致的中心論點混亂，從而將文章后面的各段拉到一起。換句話說，就是我們討論什么問題時，需要先把什么別的一個小問題說清楚。前提論證法可以有效保證后文段落的邏輯有效聯(lián)系。

2. 由低到高提升論述層次

前提論證屬于前提層面，后面自然有更高階的層面，之前提到的學術(shù)、社會、個人就是這種層面層次。

其實我們寫ISSUE在組織分論點無外乎就兩種，一種同層面展開，一種層面升華式展開。同層面展開可以有辨證法、分領(lǐng)域討論，而不同層面的升華則包括了不同的哲學層次。這二者都屬于ISSUE題目要求中的“perspectives”。

而大家最喜歡用的保留式同意/反對，那個保留論點通常就是站在不同的層面上來看待問題，從而得出的不同結(jié)論。

一方面，層面升華可以使你的論證涵蓋不同的邏輯深度，從而保證對問題看法的全面性，另一方面，層面升華也能使文章的整體組織層層遞進，做到結(jié)構(gòu)嚴密。

具體來說，常見的層面包括：

A、字面意義。見前提論證

B、學術(shù)層面。學習知識的有效性、合理性等等。這個層面比較淺，原因在于我們還要追問學習的目的是什么?接下來可以引出社會層面和個人層面。

C、社會層面。一個論點可能本身沒什么錯誤，但一旦承認它的正確性，就會導致種.種不堪設(shè)想的后果，比如過分強調(diào)有的法律不公正而造成犯罪分子有自己的道理，或者過分強調(diào)社會秩序的重要性造成獨裁當?shù)烂癫涣纳?/p>

D、個人層面。之所以把這個放到最高層面是因為社會效應(yīng)最終是作用于個人的。升華到最后往往是人類幸福、身心愉悅這種目的。個人層面的評論標準有很多，比如人本主義、弗洛伊德精神分析學說、唯物論、社會道德、先驗主義等等。具體的可以查閱相關(guān)資料。

層面升華的好處是可以讓文章環(huán)環(huán)相扣，步步深入，最后的論證深度恰倒好處，而結(jié)構(gòu)也嚴密可靠。

3. 結(jié)合正反兩面論證

正反論證就是說先說明了一個事物的必要性，然后說明缺乏它以后的后果。表面上看這象是廢話，但其實正反論證能讓你說的問題更加明白有有力，而且由于邏輯轉(zhuǎn)折簡單，非常好把握。對于打字速度快的同學正反論證其實十分好用。

正反論證的好處很明顯，正反段相互依存，互為解釋，因此兩段之間的邏輯完全咬合。如果全文都以這種手法組織，結(jié)構(gòu)組織就會變得的非常輕松。官方范文就是個很好的例子：說明專家的必要性后先說正“反”，再說反“反”，整個文章兩頭照顧，內(nèi)容嚴謹。

在具體的操作上，正反論證往往是用反去證明正缺失(或過分)的后果，借以說明論證“正”的過程的合理性。

嚴格來講對于過度的所生的“反”應(yīng)該另立名詞，我這里為了方便就把二者放到一起說了。因為沒有正確性就沒有過分的可能，這一點上過度所產(chǎn)生的“反”與“正”的“反”是相同的。物極必反也可以說是辯證法的一個角度，當然與層面升華后產(chǎn)生的反面評價是不同的。

通過以上三種邏輯論證方法，大家就可以達到ISSUE組織段落過程中的邏輯銜接完善。當然這三種組織手法都是技法層面的，真正做到融會貫通的話，還是需要具體的訓練來加以練習，從而領(lǐng)會其中的意義。希望上文提到的這些方法大家能夠有所了解，并寫出更具有邏輯性的GRE寫作ISSUE作文。

GRE寫作滿分范文1

Six?months?ago?the?region?of?Forestville?increased?the?speed?limit?for?vehicles?traveling?on?the?region's?highways?by?ten?miles?per?hour.??Since?that?change?took?effect,?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?in?that?region?has?increased?by?15?percent.??But?the?speed?limit?in?Elmsford,?a?region?neighboring?Forestville,?remained?unchanged,?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??Therefore,?if?the?citizens?of?Forestville?want?to?reduce?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?on?the?region's?highways,?they?should?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase.??

The?argument?gives?statistics?of?increases?in?automobile?accidents?since?the?speed?limit?increased?six?months?ago?on?the?highways?of?Forestville.??The?argument?also?gives?a?statement?of?how?the?neighboring?region?of?Forestville,?did?not?increase?or?decrease?the?speed?limit.??It?remained?unchanged?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??The?argument?may?appeal?to?those?who?have?been?effected?by?the?increase?in?accidents,?but?it?does?not?give?an?emotional?appeal?overall.??We?are?relying?on?the?authors?statistics?but?we?don't?know?where?they?came?from?and?if?they?are?reliable.?The?argument?needs?more?examples?and?illustrations?to?get?his?point?across?to?more?people.??It?is?suggested?that?the?citizens?of?Forestville?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase,?but?it?is?usually?hard?to?start?a?campaign.?One?person?needs?to?take?action.??If?the?author?is?a?citizen?of?Forestville,?maybe?he?should?take?the?initiative.?Comments:?

This?seriously?flawed?critique?presents?only?one?idea?relevant?to?an?analysis?of?the?argument:?"The?argument?needs?more?examples?and?illustrations?to?get?his?point?across?to?more?people."??Everything?else?in?the?essay?is?either?summarizing?the?argument,?speculating,?or?offering?advice.??The?result?is?a?response?that?is?clearly?on?topic?but?that?provides?no?analysis?of?the?line?of?reasoning?in?the?argument.??

In?addition?to?the?lack?of?analysis,?the?writing?is?weak.??The?organization?is?loose,?although?not?illogical,?and?intended?meaning?is?sometimes?unclear?(e.g.,?"but?it?does?not?give?an?emotional?appeal?overall.").??For?these?reasons,?the?response?deserves?a?score?of?2?according?to?the?scoring?guide.

GRE寫作滿分范文2

Six?months?ago?the?region?of?Forestville?increased?the?speed?limit?for?vehicles?traveling?on?the?region's?highways?by?ten?miles?per?hour.??Since?that?change?took?effect,?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?in?that?region?has?increased?by?15?percent.??But?the?speed?limit?in?Elmsford,?a?region?neighboring?Forestville,?remained?unchanged,?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??Therefore,?if?the?citizens?of?Forestville?want?to?reduce?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?on?the?region's?highways,?they?should?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase.??

When?we?compare?two?things,?we?like?to?put?them?on?the?same?background.?same?condition.??

For?the?fact?given?above,?in?the?same?time,?foundmentally,?the?two?region?have?the?same?traffic?condition,?except,?the?speedlimit?is?improved?in?one,?and?the?other?keep?the?same.?So?we?can?get?the?result?that?the?reason?of?the?difference?is?that?the?improved?speed?limit.?And?also?the?change?will?give?some?other?inconvinent?to?the?people?there.?For?example,?the?people?will?not?familiar?with?the?change,?have?some?problem?in?handle?the?speed.??

So,?what?I?think?is?that?the?citizen?should?show?the?government?the?statistic?number?of?the?difference.?Argue?with?them.?Comments:?

This?response?is?fundamentally?deficient?as?a?critique?for?two?reasons:??

--?although?the?writer?has?relied?heavily?on?the?language?of?the?topic,????it?is?clear?that?the?writer?has?no?real?control?of?language,?and?--?there?is?little?or?no?evidence?of?the?writer's?ability?to?develop?an????organized?response.?

GRE寫作滿分范文3

"In?our?time,?specialists?of?all?kinds?are?highly?over-rated.?We?need?more?generalists?—?people?who?can?provide?broad?perspectives."??

In?this?era?of?rapid?social?and?technological?change?leading?to?increasing?life?complexity?and?psychological?displacement,?both?positive?and?negative?effects?among?persons?in?Western?society?call?for?a?balance?in?which?there?are?both?specialists?and?generalists.??

Specialists?are?necessary?in?order?to?allow?society?as?a?whole?to?properly?and?usefully?assimilate?the?masses?of?new?information?and?knowledge?that?have?come?out?of?research?and?have?been?widely?

disseminated?through?mass?global?media.?As?the?head?of?Pharmacology?at?my?university?once?said?(and?I?paraphrase):?"I?can?only?research?what?I?do?because?there?are?so?many?who?have?come?before?me?to?whom?I?can?turn?for?basic?knowledge.?It?is?only?because?of?each?of?the?narrowly?focussed?individuals?at?each?step?that?a?full?and?true?understanding?of?the?complexities?of?life?can?be?had.?Each?person?can?only?hold?enough?knowledge?to?add?one?small?rung?to?the?ladder,?but?together?we?can?climb?to?the?moon."?This?illustrates?the?point?that?our?societies?level?of?knowledge?and?technology?is?at?a?stage?in?which?there?simply?must?be?specialists?in?order?for?our?society?to?take?advantage?of?the?information?available?to?us.?

Simply?put,?without?specialists,?our?society?would?find?itself?bogged?down?in?the?Sargasso?sea?of?information?overload.?While?it?was?fine?for?early?physicists?to?learn?and?understand?the?few?laws?and?ideas?that?existed?during?their?times,?now,?no?one?individual?can?possibly?digest?and?assimilate?all?of?the?knowledge?in?any?given?area.??

On?the?other?hand,?Over?specialization?means?narrow?focii?in?which?people?can?lose?the?larger?picture.?No?one?can?hope?to?understand?the?human?body?by?only?inspecting?one's?own?toe-nails.?What?we?learn?from?a?narrow?focus?may?be?internally?logically?coherent?but?may?be?irrelevant?or?fallacious?within?the?framework?of?a?broader?perspective.?Further,?if?we?inspect?only?our?toe-nails,?we?may?conclude?that?the?whole?body?is?hard?and?white.?Useful?conclusions?and?thus?perhaps?useful?inventions?must?come?by?sharing?among?specialists.?Simply?throwing?out?various?discoveries?means?we?have?a?pile?of?useless?discoveries,?it?is?only?when?one?can?make?with?them?a?mosaic?that?we?can?see?that?they?may?form?a?picture.??

Not?only?may?over-specialization?be?dangerous?in?terms?of?the?truth,?purity?and?cohesion?of?knowledge,?but?it?can?also?serve?to?drown?moral?or?universal?issues.?Generalists?and?only?generalists?can?see?a?broad?enough?picture?to?realize?and?introduce?to?the?world?the?problems?of?the?environment.?With?

specialization,?each?person?focusses?on?their?research?and?their?goals.?Thus,?industrialization,?expansion,?and?new?technologies?are?driven?ahead.?Meanwhile?no?individual?can?see?the?wholisitc?view?of?our?

global?existence?in?which?true?advancement?may?mean?stifling?individual?specialists?for?the?greater?good?of?all.??

Finally,?over-specialization?in?a?people's?daily?lives?and?jobs?has?meant?personal?and?psychological?compartmentalization.?People?are?forced?into?pigeon?holes?early?in?life?(at?least?by?university)?and?must?consciously?attempt?to?consume?external?forms?of?stimuli?and?information?in?order?not?to?be?lost?in?their?small?and?isolated?universe.?Not?only?does?this?make?for?narrowly?focussed?and?generally?

poorly-educated?individuals,?but?it?guarantees?a?sense?of?loss?of?community,?often?followed?by?a?feeling?of?psychological?displacement?and?personal?dissatisfaction.??

Without?generalists,?society?becomes?inward-looking?and?eventually?inefficient.?Without?a?society?that?recognizes?the?importance?of?broad-mindedness?and?fora?a?for?sharing?generalities,?individuals?become?isolated.?Thus,?while?our?form?of?society?necessitates?specialists,?generalists?are?equally?important.?

Specialists?drive?us?forward?in?a?series?of?thrusts?while?generalists?make?sure?we?are?still?on?the?jousting?field?and?know?what?the?stakes?are.

COMMENTARY?

This?outstanding?response?displays?insightful?analysis,?meticulous?development,?impressive?vocabulary?and?a?mastery?of?the?elements?of?effective?writing.?The?writer?disagrees?with?the?stated?opinions?by?arguing?that?specialists?and?generalists?are?both?vital:?specialists?prevent?us?from?becoming?"bogged?down?in?the?Sargasso?sea?of?information?overload,"?while?generalists?provide?help?to?see?"the?big?picture"?and,?unlike?specialists,?protect?our?"greater?good."??

The?essay?is?carefully?constructed?throughout,?enabling?the?reader?to?move?effortlessly?from?point?to?point?as?the?writer?examines?the?multi-faceted?implications?of?the?issue?and?provides?compelling?reasons?and?examples?to?support?the?premise?and?take?the?argument?to?an?effective?conclusion.?Although?other?"6"?responses?may?not?be?as?eloquent?as?this?essay,?they?nevertheless?all?display?the?test?taker's?ability?to?articulate?complex?ideas?effectively?and?precisely.?

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