托福聽(tīng)力記筆記的重要技巧——分層
為了幫助大家備考托福聽(tīng)力,提高聽(tīng)力分?jǐn)?shù)。下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福聽(tīng)力記筆記的重要技巧——分層 ,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!
托福聽(tīng)力記筆記的重要技巧——分層
記筆記可以說(shuō)是考場(chǎng)上能夠幫助我們答題的唯一途徑了。當(dāng)然,有很多同學(xué)對(duì)筆記持不同態(tài)度,主要爭(zhēng)論在于有些同學(xué)覺(jué)得“記了的筆記會(huì)影響聽(tīng),且記得筆記用不上”。但小編還是十分鼓勵(lì)各位在聽(tīng)聽(tīng)力的時(shí)候去記筆記的, 一份好的筆記,要記到重點(diǎn),同時(shí)也要層次鮮明重點(diǎn)突出。
那我們可以做些什么,讓筆記記得更好?
分層
記筆記的過(guò)程中需要用一條條的短橫線,將所記下來(lái)的內(nèi)容分出層次,這就是分層。
那問(wèn)題就來(lái)了,我們聽(tīng)聽(tīng)力的感受常是這樣的:
在聽(tīng)頭一句話的時(shí)候是不知道下一句話會(huì)說(shuō)什么,所以你聽(tīng)頭一句話的時(shí)候沒(méi)有辦法預(yù)測(cè)下面是不是要分層次,對(duì)不對(duì)?
在這里,針對(duì)不同程度的考生,有兩種解決辦法。
1. 常規(guī)記重點(diǎn)
對(duì)于初學(xué)者,你聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中,將聽(tīng)到的重點(diǎn)都記下來(lái),然后,對(duì)于話題的切換,特殊的句型,語(yǔ)氣的停頓之類(lèi)的重點(diǎn)地方,再用個(gè)符號(hào)標(biāo)出來(lái)即可。
對(duì)于初學(xué)者,能做的可能就是這些,先不去劃分鮮明的層次。
2. 根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)判斷層次
題目練的多了,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn):
幾乎所有的聽(tīng)力文章,它的每個(gè)段落都是一個(gè)總分結(jié)構(gòu),一篇文章是由一個(gè)個(gè)“總分結(jié)構(gòu)”組成的,那么每個(gè)“總+分”就是一個(gè)層次。
比如通常情況下,教授講一個(gè)重要的信息點(diǎn)后面必會(huì)展開(kāi)解釋?zhuān)沁@就是一個(gè)總分關(guān)系。
總分結(jié)構(gòu)是有固定的幾種常見(jiàn)情況的,你可以聽(tīng)老師總結(jié)或者是通過(guò)多做練習(xí)自己總結(jié)出來(lái)。自己練習(xí),那么平時(shí)在精聽(tīng)過(guò)程中要分析文章每個(gè)段落的結(jié)構(gòu),要了解教授說(shuō)話的脈絡(luò)。
比如我們都知道教授一說(shuō)“today we are going to talk about....”是要說(shuō)主題了,那這個(gè)“be going to talk about”的句型就是你要總結(jié)出來(lái)的一種“總”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
把這些常見(jiàn)的表示總、分的結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)出來(lái),多積累,慢慢的你下次聽(tīng)新文章的時(shí)候就能找到段落總分關(guān)系的地方了,也就能分出層次了。
所有的聽(tīng)力筆記,如果你能記到這個(gè)層面上,那你的筆記就會(huì)很好了。
對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)題,即便你沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到或是記到明確的細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn),但只要你能在筆記中定位到它所在的層次,根據(jù)該層次的主講內(nèi)容,就能幫助你選出選項(xiàng)。
所以,按照這個(gè)思路多多的練習(xí),考試的時(shí)候你的筆記會(huì)變的清晰,重點(diǎn)會(huì)很突出。
托福聽(tīng)力如何避免無(wú)效信息
首先,你其實(shí)記下來(lái)的東西基本都是無(wú)效信息。你并沒(méi)有在大腦中經(jīng)過(guò)過(guò)濾和分析,只是茫然的聽(tīng)到什么記什么。其次,你在做筆記的時(shí)候肯定記得很亂。所以即使想回原文定位也找不到。你需要鍛煉自己抓取核心信息的能力。比如一句話你要抓住主句。也就是主謂賓。而不是一些小的信息點(diǎn)比如時(shí)間之類(lèi)的。其次,對(duì)于筆記來(lái)說(shuō),你需要鍛煉把筆記記得比較清楚。比如說(shuō)可以分層次記。不同的意群之間可以拿橫線劃開(kāi)。如果你能聽(tīng)的懂大部分,再加上筆記的幫助,就能克服一些。但是如果你聽(tīng)不懂,也記不下什么,就很容易這樣啦。所以還是去練習(xí)基本功吧,詞匯+精聽(tīng)+總結(jié)。
問(wèn):怎么記筆記,以及確定出題點(diǎn),我自己基本能聽(tīng)懂,也能判斷一些出題點(diǎn),但是還是有漏的情況,打錯(cuò)。
答: 講座以后做題后要分析文章結(jié)構(gòu),比如考藝術(shù)家:style-works-events-professor attitude 筆記對(duì)話像小說(shuō)三要素,人物,情節(jié),地點(diǎn)。結(jié)構(gòu)是問(wèn)題 原因 建議
問(wèn):每句就是它說(shuō)完我默寫(xiě)那樣嗎?它說(shuō)的快邊聽(tīng)記不下來(lái)。
答:對(duì),不過(guò)我們要聽(tīng)一句,不管是否打全。也逼自己聽(tīng)下一句。不能一句反復(fù)聽(tīng)。這樣一句一句聽(tīng)寫(xiě)完再?gòu)念^聽(tīng)寫(xiě)一共5遍。對(duì)答案,查生詞,跟讀??刂圃?0分鐘
答:考試碰到怪怪的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,練就聽(tīng)音寫(xiě)詞能力。然后幾乎都考題干或正選,打字聽(tīng)寫(xiě)還能幫打字慢的同學(xué)提高速度
問(wèn):如果聽(tīng)力基本都可以聽(tīng)的很流暢 需要記筆記么。尤其是lectires。
答:講座有的是有結(jié)構(gòu),平??偨Y(jié),比如一個(gè)科學(xué)家出現(xiàn)留意他的理論-實(shí)驗(yàn)-結(jié)論-教授對(duì)他態(tài)度。還有些??键c(diǎn),比如問(wèn)答,舉例等。你應(yīng)該有所總結(jié)。
如何利用詞塊法有效提高托福聽(tīng)力
我們換個(gè)角度來(lái)談聽(tīng)力,不談?wù)Z音,不談詞匯,不談技巧,從邏輯思維這一層來(lái)分析,在單詞都能聽(tīng)懂的情況下,如何提高理解力。我要給大家介紹的方法是語(yǔ)言學(xué)中的詞塊法(lexical chunks),運(yùn)用到聽(tīng)力里面,我稱(chēng)之為語(yǔ)塊聽(tīng)力法。
在語(yǔ)言學(xué)上,對(duì)語(yǔ)塊的定義是這樣的:"Chunks" refers to language that occurs in (semi-) fixed units and that we usually learn as one piece. Collocations, fixed expressions and idioms are all different kinds of chunks。(The TKT course) 聽(tīng)力的學(xué)習(xí)也離不開(kāi)詞組,孤零零地聽(tīng)單詞只會(huì)像電腦翻譯一樣詞不達(dá)意,提取關(guān)鍵信息就更加困難。單個(gè)的詞和詞組或許能拼湊出大概的意思,但是沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)的句子都只是詞匯與詞組的堆砌,堆到后面記憶混亂,聽(tīng)力成災(zāi)。只有讓單詞成群,詞組成塊,運(yùn)用邏輯,聽(tīng)力才會(huì)清晰。聽(tīng)起來(lái)這似乎是很大的工作量,但是如果養(yǎng)成良好的思維習(xí)慣,讓語(yǔ)塊法內(nèi)化,大腦便會(huì)自動(dòng)對(duì)聽(tīng)力的句子進(jìn)行切分組合,以達(dá)到快速準(zhǔn)確地理解。今天我將從詞組和句子兩方面來(lái)與大家探討如何運(yùn)用詞塊法提高聽(tīng)力,例子取自TPO真題。
1. 詞組,包括固定搭配,表達(dá)和習(xí)語(yǔ)等。
以固定搭配為例,即collocations。Collocations:words that regularly occur together。(The TKT course) 既然是固定的組合,那就要求大家積累,除了幫助聽(tīng)力理解,口語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作時(shí)也是極好的素材。
TPO4-4:
Student: Not really. I’m worried about other two people in my group. They are just sitting back, not really doing their fair share of the work and waiting for an A. It’s kind of stressing me out, because we are getting close to the deadline and I feel like I’m doing everything for this project。
Professor:Ah, the good old free rider problem。
Student:Free rider?
Professor:Ah, it’s just a term that describes this situation, when people in the group seek to get the benefits of being in a group without contributing to the work。
Q. Why does the professor mention the ‘free-rider’ problem?
A. To review a concept he explained in class。
B. To give the student a plan to solve her problem。
C. To clarify the problem the student is facing。
D. To explain a benefit of working in groups。
上文中“free rider”這一固定搭配出現(xiàn)了兩遍且有出題,聽(tīng)力困難有兩點(diǎn):1. 沒(méi)注意到這個(gè)單詞,不能定位題目;2. 聽(tīng)到的是單個(gè)的單詞,不知道詞組的意思。
解題思路:根據(jù)其位于problem前,和后面再次搭配出現(xiàn),先判定 “free rider” 是詞組且代指某個(gè)問(wèn)題,我們暫且用“FR”記下,學(xué)生表達(dá)過(guò)抱怨“I’m worried about other two people in my group. They are just sitting back, not really doing their fair share of the work and waiting for an A。” 這句話沒(méi)有生詞沒(méi)有搭配,可以理解大意是其他人不做事。老師再次解釋“it’s just a term that describes this situation, when people in the group seek to get the benefits of being in a group without contributing to the work?!?重申解釋“term”,并且強(qiáng)調(diào)不做貢獻(xiàn)。上下文翻譯是搭便車(chē)者或不勞而獲者。聽(tīng)完發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)我們的思路也是一直在等老師解釋單詞,就會(huì)很快選出老師在給學(xué)生闡述這種現(xiàn)象的問(wèn)題,答案選C。
還有幾例,大家不妨自己做一做:
They are taking credit for things they shouldn’t take credit for(接受榮譽(yù)). (Tpo4-4)
I agree, good point. Yes, Beaux had high regard for (尊敬)Sargent’s work. (Tpo19-6)
2. 句子:簡(jiǎn)單句抑或長(zhǎng)難句,許多都有固定的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系,如果能用語(yǔ)塊法進(jìn)行處理預(yù)測(cè),會(huì)減少記憶容量,提高聽(tīng)力效率。
TPO4-6:
And as far as the public goes, well…there are about as many individuals who disagree with the government support as there are those who agree. In fact, with artists in particular, you have lots of artists who support and who have benefited from this agency, although it seems that just as many artists oppose a government agency being involved in the arts, for many different reasons, reasons like they don’t want the government to control what they create。
Q: What does the professor say about artists’ opinions of government support for the arts?
A. Most artists believe that the government should provide more funding for the art
B. Most artists approve of the ways in which the government supports the arts。
C. Even artists do not agree on whether the government should support the arts。
D. Even artists have a low opinion of government support for the arts。
“there are about as many individuals who disagree with the government support as there are those who agree。” 這句話中有很明顯的搭配as many...as,語(yǔ)塊聽(tīng)力法就運(yùn)用這種結(jié)構(gòu)加以預(yù)測(cè),在聽(tīng)到as many individuals who disagree with the government support,預(yù)測(cè)到后面會(huì)講“disagree”的內(nèi)容的話,思路清晰,內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確。
同理,“you have lots of artists who support and who have benefited from this agency, although it seems that just as many artists oppose a government agency being involved in the arts, for many different reasons, reasons like they don’t want the government to control what they create?!?這句話中用的邏輯詞是“although”,讓步前的語(yǔ)塊比較簡(jiǎn)單,藝術(shù)家支持及原因,“although”出現(xiàn)時(shí)基本判斷后面的語(yǔ)塊是反對(duì),準(zhǔn)確聽(tīng)出”oppose”(此處有連讀artists -oppose,很多同學(xué)會(huì)聽(tīng)成suppose。最后還有原因解釋這一語(yǔ)塊“reasons like they don’t want the government to control what they create?!闭f(shuō)明是不愿意支持的,也能選出選項(xiàng)C。
下面也有兩例,大家不妨試試:
Because the older and more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas. (Tpo8-2)
It turned out that there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream. (Tpo8-2)
不同分?jǐn)?shù)段托福聽(tīng)力提高方法指南
老師我想請(qǐng)問(wèn)一下上次托福聽(tīng)力23分,準(zhǔn)備再考一次,有沒(méi)有什么提高的建議或者怎樣突破25-27分
A:23分說(shuō)明你基礎(chǔ)不錯(cuò),那么多多練習(xí)精聽(tīng)吧,反復(fù)的聽(tīng)直到爛熟為止。聽(tīng)完記得作總結(jié),總結(jié)文章的考點(diǎn)。堅(jiān)持20篇講座,一定木有問(wèn)題啦。能聽(tīng)懂百分之六十以上的內(nèi)容,并且詞匯沒(méi)有太大問(wèn)題,是可以在一個(gè)月之內(nèi)上23分的。方法就是精聽(tīng)+總結(jié),具體的看前面的回答。如果你基礎(chǔ)不好,基本聽(tīng)不懂,就去好好的背單詞,學(xué)語(yǔ)法,可能還需要做聽(tīng)寫(xiě)(雖然很苦)這個(gè)可能就會(huì)花的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了,具體還是要看你的吸收能力。
老師我想請(qǐng)問(wèn)一下上次托福聽(tīng)力23分,準(zhǔn)備再考一次,有沒(méi)有什么提高的建議或者怎樣突破25-27分
A:23分說(shuō)明你基礎(chǔ)不錯(cuò),那么多多練習(xí)精聽(tīng)吧,反復(fù)的聽(tīng)直到爛熟為止。聽(tīng)完記得作總結(jié),總結(jié)文章的考點(diǎn)。堅(jiān)持20篇講座,一定木有問(wèn)題啦。能聽(tīng)懂百分之六十以上的內(nèi)容,并且詞匯沒(méi)有太大問(wèn)題,是可以在一個(gè)月之內(nèi)上23分的。方法就是精聽(tīng)+總結(jié),具體的看前面的回答。如果你基礎(chǔ)不好,基本聽(tīng)不懂,就去好好的背單詞,學(xué)語(yǔ)法,可能還需要做聽(tīng)寫(xiě)(雖然很苦)這個(gè)可能就會(huì)花的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了,具體還是要看你的吸收能力。
老師,做了挺多TPO聽(tīng)寫(xiě),可是聽(tīng)力一直卡在21分上不去,有沒(méi)有什么更有效的練習(xí)聽(tīng)力的方法呢?
A:首先你要對(duì)托福聽(tīng)力的結(jié)構(gòu)和考點(diǎn)把握清楚。比如說(shuō)托福不考非常小的細(xì)節(jié),所以你不需要對(duì)有些具體地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間特別在意。托??嫉募?xì)節(jié)題其實(shí)是大細(xì)節(jié),是主要信息。那么托?;镜木植拷Y(jié)構(gòu)就是對(duì)比和因果。建議你在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候遇到這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都要注意,都是考點(diǎn)所在。其他的比如強(qiáng)調(diào),轉(zhuǎn)折,比較級(jí),問(wèn)題及回答都是考察的重點(diǎn)。建議你每篇TPO文章聽(tīng)完都能做個(gè)總結(jié)。
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