英語before的用法
一. 一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)用法有哪些不同?
1. 在主從復(fù)合句中的用法不同
(1) 用在賓語從句中
在主句謂語為一般過去時(shí)的賓語從句中,既可用一般過去時(shí),也可用過去完成時(shí).但兩種時(shí)態(tài)的意義明顯不同.試比較下列兩組句子:
She said she was a doctor. 她說她是位醫(yī)生.(說話時(shí)仍為醫(yī)生)
She said she had been a doctor.她說她曾當(dāng)過醫(yī)生.(說話時(shí)已不是)
She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她說她當(dāng)過20年的醫(yī)生.(主要強(qiáng)調(diào)說話時(shí)已當(dāng)過20年醫(yī)生,此狀態(tài)可能已經(jīng)結(jié)束,也可能還沒有)
但是,如果從句中有表示具體時(shí)間的狀語,則常用一般過去時(shí).例如:
He said he was born in 1986. 他說他是 1986年出生的.
(2) 用在含有after的主從復(fù)合句中
在含有after的主從復(fù)合句中,一般在從句中使用過去完成時(shí),主句中使用一般過去時(shí).例如:
After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.
因連詞after本身能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系,因而多數(shù)的主句和從句均使用一般過去時(shí).例如:
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
(3) 用在含有before的主從復(fù)合句中
用在含有before的主從復(fù)合句中,一般在從句中使用一般過去時(shí),主句中使用過去完成時(shí).例如:
Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping.
有時(shí),也可以在從句中用過去完成時(shí),主句中用一般過去時(shí),這樣就可使描述更為生動(dòng).試比較:
We got to the station before the train had left. 火車尚未開動(dòng)之前,我們就到了車站.
We had got to the station before the train left. 火車開出之前,我們就已經(jīng)到了車站.
像after一樣, before本身就能明確地表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系,故多數(shù)主從句均使用一般過去時(shí),而無需使用過去完成時(shí).例如:
Many people left for home before the film ended.電影尚未放完,許多人就起身回家了.
(4) 用在含有when的主從復(fù)合句中
由于when本身不能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系,故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作只需用一般過去時(shí).這樣用過去完成時(shí)的可能是主句,也可能是從句.例如:
When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help. 當(dāng)他的錢全都用光時(shí),彼得只好轉(zhuǎn)而求助于一個(gè)朋友.
有時(shí),主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的先后關(guān)系十分明確,兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,前一動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致后一動(dòng)作,這時(shí)兩者均用一般過去時(shí)即可.例如:
When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散會(huì)后,我們就離開了大廳.
2. 敘述幾個(gè)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用法不同
在敘述兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and, but, so或then等連接并按時(shí)間發(fā)生的先后順序敘述時(shí),只需用一般過去時(shí).例如:
She entered the room, turned on the light and found everything stolen.
I lost my pen but soon found it.
She lost her pen, so I lent her mine.
但是,如果兩個(gè)先后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作不是按時(shí)間的順序排列或敘述時(shí),為明確動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作就得用過去完成時(shí).例如:
The farmers were in high spirits because they had got another good harvest. 農(nóng)民們興高采烈,因?yàn)樗麄冇肢@得了一次好收成.
3. 表示與過去還是現(xiàn)在相反的情況不同
一些表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞,如think, know, expect, mean, hope, want, suppose等,用一般過去時(shí)可表示存在于過去而非現(xiàn)在的心理活動(dòng)或事與愿違的情況.例如:
I didn't know you were here. 我不知道你在這兒.
而這些詞的過去完成時(shí)則表示的是過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算、想法或意圖等.例如:
We had hoped that you would be able to visit us. 我們原本希望你去看我們.
二. 過去完成時(shí)主要有以下幾點(diǎn)用法:
1. 表示過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài).句中常用by, before, when, until等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語.它是以過去某一時(shí)間為起點(diǎn),所以過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去”.只有和過去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才能用到它.例如:
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 當(dāng)他到達(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí),他發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)客人已經(jīng)離開了.
2.過去完成時(shí)還可表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去,常與for, since等詞連用.例如:
When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 當(dāng)杰克到時(shí),他得知瑪麗已經(jīng)離開快一個(gè)小時(shí)了.
3. 用于并列句:一個(gè)并列句用的是過去式,如果另一個(gè)并列句表示的動(dòng)作早于過去式這一動(dòng)作,這時(shí)需用過去完成時(shí).例如:
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.湯姆乘飛機(jī)回家,他的父親卻已經(jīng)去世了.
4. 某些動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)表示過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、計(jì)劃或打算.常用的動(dòng)詞有hope, expect, suppose, think, want, wish等.例如:
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten. 他們本來打算能在10點(diǎn)之前到達(dá).
5. 在before, after, as soon as等引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間先后,所以可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí).例如:
英語before的用法
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