過去完成時(shí)的用法正確運(yùn)用的方法
過去完成時(shí)的用法正確運(yùn)用的方法
過去完成時(shí)通常表述的是過去某一時(shí)刻前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)，其用法你了解多少呢?以下是由學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理關(guān)于過去完成時(shí)的用法的內(nèi)容，希望大家喜歡!
過去完成時(shí)的用法
1、定義
?、俦硎景l(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)過去晚些時(shí)候造成的影響或結(jié)果
?、谶^去某一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過去晚些時(shí)候?qū)砜赡苓€要延續(xù)。
句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去之前(過去的過去)，即過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去。
He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他說他已經(jīng)去過北京兩次。(因?yàn)?ldquo;說”said就是過去式，而去北京的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在說said 的過去，所以用過完而不用現(xiàn)完。
過去完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有
(1)、by the end of last year. By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words.
(2)、By the time sb. +動(dòng)詞過去式 The bus had already left by the time I got there.
2、基本結(jié)構(gòu)
主語(yǔ)+had+過去分詞vpp.(done)
①肯定句：主語(yǔ)+had+過去分詞.
?、诜穸ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+had+not+過去分詞.
③一般疑問句：Had+主語(yǔ)+過去分詞? 肯定回答：Yes,主語(yǔ)+had. 否定回答：No,主語(yǔ)+had not . ④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(Had+主語(yǔ)+過去分詞)?
?、荼粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主語(yǔ)+had(hadn't)+been+過去分詞
3、基本用法
(1)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，也可以說過去的時(shí)間關(guān)于過去的動(dòng)作。即“過去的過去”。可以用by, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 (在復(fù)合句中，由時(shí)間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句叫做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 )來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。例如：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
(2)表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came./He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過去完成時(shí)。例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine./ I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
(4)在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。 例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed./ She found the key that she had lost.
(5)過去完成時(shí)常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句(或間接引語(yǔ))中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。例如：He said that he had known her well./ I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
(6)狀語(yǔ)從句：在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的。例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining./ She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.
注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)?這 時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
(7)動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time./ We had hoped to be able to come and see you .
(8)過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that) … 等固定句型中。例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him./ No sooner had he arrived then he went away again./ It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than，yet，already等。
3、過去完成時(shí)-語(yǔ)法判定
A、由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來判定。一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：
( 1 ) by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 ) before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
B、由“過去的過去”來判定。過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：
( 1 )賓語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )狀語(yǔ)從句中，在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
C、根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
4、過去完成時(shí)-語(yǔ)法區(qū)別
(1)、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。
比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)
(2)、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
A. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。
比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
B. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
C. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
如何正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)
1. 正確運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)最重要的是要正確理解“過去的過去”。“過去的過去”是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)間，即它相對(duì)于一個(gè)過去時(shí)間而言，并在其過去。這種相對(duì)的“過去的過去”有時(shí)通過一定的時(shí)間副詞(狀語(yǔ))體現(xiàn)出來，有時(shí)則可能是通過一定的上下文來體現(xiàn)：
I found the watch which I had lost.
我找到了我丟失的表。
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed.
屋子里很安靜，大家都睡覺了。
"Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在辦公室嗎?”“不在，回家了。”
【注】有些通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語(yǔ)，由于在一定的語(yǔ)境中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作移到了“過去的過去”，也應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。比較：
We haven’t seen each other since we left Paris.
自從離開巴黎后我們一直沒見過面。
I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris.
| 一般過去時(shí)的用法 |
上周星期天我見到史密斯先生了，自從離開巴黎后我們還一直沒見過面。
2. 表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法
過去完成時(shí)可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和打算，通常連用的動(dòng)詞是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等：
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我本想來，但有事就沒有來。
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit.
我本想發(fā)言，但時(shí)間不允許。
We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t.
我們本想你來看我們的，但你沒有來。
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